Behaviour, ecology and conservation of the Iberian Wolf, Canis lupus signatus
Introduction The Iberian wolf, Canis lupus signatus, is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) found on the Iberian Peninsula. It is smaller than other wolves, with white marks on the upper lips and dark marks on the front legs and tail, from which it gets its name, signatus (marked). The grey wolf was historically distributed across all of Europe (Mech and Boitani, 2010), however through the 18th and 19th centuries C. lupus was eradicated throughout Northern and Central Europe, with only some surviving populations found in Italy, Iberia and Eastern Europe (Breitenmosser, 1998; Mech and Boitani, 2003). The recognition of wolves as a keystone species as an
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Wolf territories contain a single pack, which usually consists of a mating pair and their offspring, and are maintained due to competition for space and resources such as prey (Gordon, 1997). Territory size has been suggested to be influenced mainly by prey biomass, where territory size decreases with increased prey biomass, and latitude, where they were positively correlated (Jȩdrzejewski et al., 2007). The average territory sizes at latitudes 40ºN, 50ºN and 60ºN were 140km2, 370 km2 and 950km2 respectively. Territory size will not fall below 80-100km2 even if prey biomass continues increasing, which is thought to be due to this being the minimum size of an exclusive territory for successful breeding (Jȩdrzejewski et al., 2005). Territories are maintained and defended through scent markings, using urine, faeces and other secretions (Zub et al., 2003; Barja, De Miguel and Bárcena, 2004). These markings are left at conspicuous locations, such as along frequently travelled routes and junctions, where they are more likely to be noticed by other individuals (Barja, De Miguel and Bárcena, …show more content…
Much of the threats against wolves comes from conflict with humans due to the rarity of wild prey, genetic isolation and habitat loss. Wild ungulates are in low density or completely absent in many areas of the Iberian Peninsula. To combat this, there have been efforts to reintroduce roe deer to areas of Portugal, providing a wild prey source for the wolves (Cruz et al., 2014). Studies suggest that having a higher density and diversity of wild ungulates decreases livestock predation (Meriggi and Lovari, 1996). Whilst reintroduction of wild prey holds promise in the long-term, it is not immediately effective as the ungulate population will need to replenish itself. With no wild ungulates, wolves will continue to feed on livestock. Livestock is often free ranging and unguarded, making them an easy target for wolves. Farmers then retaliate against the wolves: in one study of 80 dead wolves, 38% died either from shooting, poaching or poisoning (Barroso and Pimenta, 2008), and it was also noted the actual number could be higher due to the difficulty of determining whether a wolf has been poisoned (Torres and Fonseca, 2016). In areas where wolves prey mainly on wild ungulates, there were no reported wolf deaths by poison, however in locations where livestock was the main prey source, poison was the leading cause of death in wolves (Álvares, 2003). Farmers who experience livestock loss
This investigative study included whether gray wolves, a natural top predator to white tailed deer, create a trophic effect by reducing the deer and how it may affect saplings and vegetation in the Great Lakes forest area. The study was not conducted for direct kills, instead it was done to see the effects of the deer population and the plant and vegetation systems surrounding them. The expected effects were that in areas where wolves are less dense in the region it causes an increase of deer having a negative impact on plants and vegetation in the surrounding area. The recolonization of wolves in the area is generating trait-meditated effects in the Great Lakes forest and are
For one, by 1980, wolves doubled to 50. By then it was apparent, ‘balance of nature’ seems to be the force that guides nature. This shows that wolves should be introduced because they are needed for balance
In the Greater Yellowstone area, the target goal was to maintain 15 wolf packs in the state of Wyoming, seven of these packs residing outside the area of national parks. Mission accomplished. As of December 2002, there were 22 documented packs in the state of Wyoming. Eight of the twenty two are living outside the boundaries of national parks, yet the
There are approximately only 150,000 gray wolves left in the world today, but the numbers are steadily decreasing because of us humans. The gray wolf is a strong and very powerful animal seeing as it has large canine teeth, powerful jaws, keen senses, and they have the power to pursue their prey at up to 37 miles per hour. Contrary to their name the gray wolf comes in all colors from black, pure white, and also a brownish red which can cause confusion between between them and coyotes. You can tell the coyote and wolf apart because the gray wolf has round ears and a broad snout. The gray wolf can live up to more than twelve years while protected but while unprotected they can only live up to seven or eight.
Wolves are keystone species because of how they influence their prey and how their prey, in turn, influence the plants and animal species that fall under them. An example of this influence is in 1925 when the gray wolf population disappeared from the Yellowstone National Park environment. They were hunted and eradicated all throughout the United States. Wolves during the 1800s were hunted because of how they threatened the livestock of settlers in certain regions. This was a term known as predator control. Predator control is essentially when the government or some
Very large territories with pack territories of 2,500 square kilometers (1,000 square miles) or more. (behavioural) - The size of the territory is related to the amount of food available. Arctic wolves will hunt down
Though wolves are one of the most researched and studied canines of the animal kingdom, many people are still cautious of the wolf and its behavior and is considered a safety threat to people in many urban and suburban areas. Recorded eradication of wolves can be dated back to the 1700’s hunted purely for their furs, though the complete eradication of wolves begins in late 1800’s after western settlement began to expand to Colorado, threatening valuable livestock. In defense, hunters and trappers supplied themselves
Around the world, there are thousands of wildlife animals. Gray Wolves are one type of them; their small domestic animals that are very fast, move in packs, and hunt deer and other animals for food. Despite the fact that Gray Wolves hunt deer, they are helpful animals to the ecosystem. Gray Wolves keep the ecosystem’s movement in check. They actually help the environment more than hurt it. They can be as friendly like dogs if raised from pups. They’re very interesting animals and it should be illegal to hunt them because they are almost extinct, they keep the prey population in check, and are unique animals trying to survive.
The thesis of this article is that wolves, once endangered, have come back and started to flourish causing mixed feelings for locals and biologists. Wolves were once hunted because one, to protect livestock, and two, they were seen as pests and/or vermin. The government then put wolves under the endangered list to try to save them. Since then, wolf populations have multiplied.
In “Scared to Death” by Ed Yong and Sharon Levy’s “Wolf Family Values,” we read about the need to protect the population of wolves in North America. These two articles have very different ways to go about this. Ed Yong talks about the wolf effects on elk as well as the rest of the environment. Levy’s approach is about wolf social structure and how it is impacted by hunting. Both of these make some valid points on why more conservation efforts should be made; however, I believe Ed Yong made the stronger case.
Long before the settlers started to make the United States their home, “American Indians lived long beside the Gray Wolf before settlers started to come here.” (Rowe, Mark) The wolf is native to the North American continent and has been inhabiting its land for centuries. It is a canid species, or member of the canine family and is a cunning, smart, fast, and sly animal. Gray wolves range in color from black, brown, gray, and white and also look like a grown German Shepherd. They are well known for traveling in family sizes from 7-9 wolves, led by the alpha male and have a mate. They are a fierce animal that has been researched extensively because of their unique qualities and that they are near extinction.
Interbreeding and hybridization of coyote/red wolf populations has remained a constant threat to the survival of the pure red wolf species.
Once the data has been gathered and the interviews have been conducted, data collected will be used to develop an aggressive educational campaign. Ultimately it will help increase legislative support for wolf reintroduction in the Midwest. Data which shows successful and unsuccessful reintroduction policies can be studied to determine what reasons led to their outcomes. Halfens, R., & Meijers, J. (2013) explained variables and frequency distributions are two main components of descriptive statistics (Halfens, R., & Meijers, J., 2013). The variables for this project should share relatively the same characteristics such as experience, age, possibly gender of those in study group are some which are considered descriptive (Halfens, R., et. al., 2013). Data collected should include also information on reports of depravation by wolves which were verified and other means such as: legal and illegal hunting. Questions included in survey could determine legal or illegal method of wolf kills have any weight on a willingness to change opinions on reintroduction. Knowing if the number of livestock loses from wolf kills are greater than other means reported by ranchers or farmers will also be important to
After years of selective breeding and taming, the hunters finally came across some wolves that were able to listen to commands and do what they were ordered to do. These wolves did not look like the first ones with which humans came into contact. Their size, coloring, senses and even the length of their coat or swimming ability reflected the environment in which they lived. These environments could have ranged from anything since hunters do not stay in one place for very long. These wolves probably did not reflect their gray ancestors much anymore. The color of their coat could have become brown, black, or even yellow depending on where they were taken. Their size could have been affected, too, depending on how the hunters had used them- they could have shrunken to the size
A single pack may contain animals that are black, shades of gray-brown, and white. Wolves in the heavily forested areas of eastern North America are more uniform in color. They are often a grizzled gray-brown like some German shepherd dogs. This color variation is a good example of natural selection, which enables those animals best suited to a particular environment to survive. On the arctic islands, where much of the ground is snow-covered for at least nine months of the year, being white is a distinct advantage, so wolves in the Arctic may be nearly white. In the mottled grey, green, and brown world of the eastern forests the normal coat of the wolf is an effective camouflage. As a wolf moves stealthily, or rests, it blends into the background and is hardly seen. Wolves in the Arctic have extremely dense under-fur, which insulates them against rigorous winters. Another adaptation to environment is their habit of hunting in packs, or groups, which enables them to kill large animals.