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What Is Canis Lupus Signatus?

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Behaviour, ecology and conservation of the Iberian Wolf, Canis lupus signatus

Introduction The Iberian wolf, Canis lupus signatus, is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) found on the Iberian Peninsula. It is smaller than other wolves, with white marks on the upper lips and dark marks on the front legs and tail, from which it gets its name, signatus (marked). The grey wolf was historically distributed across all of Europe (Mech and Boitani, 2010), however through the 18th and 19th centuries C. lupus was eradicated throughout Northern and Central Europe, with only some surviving populations found in Italy, Iberia and Eastern Europe (Breitenmosser, 1998; Mech and Boitani, 2003). The recognition of wolves as a keystone species as an …show more content…

Wolf territories contain a single pack, which usually consists of a mating pair and their offspring, and are maintained due to competition for space and resources such as prey (Gordon, 1997). Territory size has been suggested to be influenced mainly by prey biomass, where territory size decreases with increased prey biomass, and latitude, where they were positively correlated (Jȩdrzejewski et al., 2007). The average territory sizes at latitudes 40ºN, 50ºN and 60ºN were 140km2, 370 km2 and 950km2 respectively. Territory size will not fall below 80-100km2 even if prey biomass continues increasing, which is thought to be due to this being the minimum size of an exclusive territory for successful breeding (Jȩdrzejewski et al., 2005). Territories are maintained and defended through scent markings, using urine, faeces and other secretions (Zub et al., 2003; Barja, De Miguel and Bárcena, 2004). These markings are left at conspicuous locations, such as along frequently travelled routes and junctions, where they are more likely to be noticed by other individuals (Barja, De Miguel and Bárcena, …show more content…

Much of the threats against wolves comes from conflict with humans due to the rarity of wild prey, genetic isolation and habitat loss. Wild ungulates are in low density or completely absent in many areas of the Iberian Peninsula. To combat this, there have been efforts to reintroduce roe deer to areas of Portugal, providing a wild prey source for the wolves (Cruz et al., 2014). Studies suggest that having a higher density and diversity of wild ungulates decreases livestock predation (Meriggi and Lovari, 1996). Whilst reintroduction of wild prey holds promise in the long-term, it is not immediately effective as the ungulate population will need to replenish itself. With no wild ungulates, wolves will continue to feed on livestock. Livestock is often free ranging and unguarded, making them an easy target for wolves. Farmers then retaliate against the wolves: in one study of 80 dead wolves, 38% died either from shooting, poaching or poisoning (Barroso and Pimenta, 2008), and it was also noted the actual number could be higher due to the difficulty of determining whether a wolf has been poisoned (Torres and Fonseca, 2016). In areas where wolves prey mainly on wild ungulates, there were no reported wolf deaths by poison, however in locations where livestock was the main prey source, poison was the leading cause of death in wolves (Álvares, 2003). Farmers who experience livestock loss

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