What Are The Main Components That Predict Lung Volumes

The alveoli provide a large surface area in the lungs as they are very small, they are highly folded and there are a large amount of them in the lungs. In both the lungs of an adult there are around 300 million alveoli. If the alveoli were to be flattened out the surface area would be around 70 metres squared. The alveoli are well adapted as we require a lot of oxygen to respire at an efficient metabolic rate. This also means that we can transfer carbon dioxide out of our body at an efficient rate so a large amount doesn't stay in our blood as it is very harmful.

becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical tethering on the surrounding airways. Thus the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily. Conversely, a great effort is required to exhale as the lungs can no longer passively recoil and deflate. Anoticeable and exhausting muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person with emphysema exhales slowly.

Once the limits have been reached, there is very little or no change that will occur in the response to any pressure change. This is figured out by using the equation of change in pressure and the change in volume. (Jardins, 2013) By using this equation it will help figure out how compliant the lungs are. This is critical in figuring lung dysfunctions and developing care for a patient. One of the major diseases that lowers the elastance of the lung and the most preventable is Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is categorized with an increase of airway resistance and the loss of lung elasticity. As a restriction in airflow develops, it leads to the hyperinflation of the alveoli. Some other diseases that are caused by low elastic conditions and is related to Hooke’s law are traumatic chest injuries, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, and interstitial lung disease. All of the disease and/or illness’s cause the pressure-volume curve to slide to the right very quickly and allows the lung elastic properties to decrease significantly. (Jardins, 2013)

The bronchial tubes increase in length and diameter during inhalation. Bronchial tubes decrease in length and diameter during exhalation. Poiseuille’s law can be applied to the lungs when the bronchial tubes become constricted due to an increase in mucus production and can decrease in size. When the bronchial tubes decrease in size and the patient is breathing, it is going to take more pressure to move the air into the swelled bronchi. If the radius of a patient’s bronchial tubes increased by sixteen percent, the pressure to move oxygen into the lungs would double. Therefore, a patient with bronchial smooth muscle constriction of sixteen percent would have to double their driving pressure to keep a constant flow rate. If swelling occurs and the patient does not increase their pressure, the amount of oxygen they are getting to their lungs will decrease. Respiratory therapists can see this taking place in patients with asthma that have excess mucus secretions.

The human lung is a series of blind end tubes, hollow tubes that that allow for the conduction of air. The conduction of air starts from the nasal cavity or oral cavity, continues to flow through the trachea and bronchus and finally reaches the bronchioles that lead into the alveolus that allows for gas exchange to occur (Phalen et al. 1983). This system can be broken down into two different region; a conducting region and a region of gas exchange. The conduction portion of the respiratory system begins in the nasal cavity and the oral cavity and continues to the bronchioles. The transition from the bronchioles to the alveolar duct results in the transition from the conducting region of the respiratory

There are two main categories of diseases that can affect the lungs, which are obstructive diseases and restrictive diseases. These lung diseases can have detrimental effects on the lung because they can result in decreased airway size, swollen or loss of alveolar sacs, and ultimately reduced gas exchange. Lung diseases, as well as the overall function of the lung can be evaluated using a method known as spirometry. Spirometry is a tool used to evaluate the breathing mechanisms of a patient and allow doctors to detect pulmonary diseases in patients displaying abnormal lung function. Spirometry can consist of static and dynamic tests to measure variables such as vital capacity, which is the highest volume of air that can be exhaled out of the

The alveoli provide a large surface area in the lungs as they are very small, they are highly folded and there are a large amount of them in the lungs. In both the lungs of an adult there are around 300 million alveoli. If the alveoli were to be flattened out the surface area would be around 70 metres squared. The alveoli are well adapted as we require a lot of oxygen to respire at an efficient metabolic rate. This also means that we can transfer carbon dioxide out of our body at an efficient rate so a large amount doesn't stay in our blood as it is very harmful.

There are has been many things since the 9/11 incident that have happened overtime. How people have become sick from the thick dust of smoke in the air when the plane hit the twin towers. Most of all I have learned that there are three different kinds of lung conditions that acquired in the disaster of terrorist attacks. Like the sarcoidosis it is an inflammation of an organ, typically the lung and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis is a type of auto immune disease and can spread from one part of the body to another. (webmd) It can be found and diagnosed by a CT scan. Another type of lung problem is Emphysema which is lung disease caused by damage to the alveoli; the tiny air sacs in the lung where exchange of oxygen

An increase in mass of muscle, mucous glands, and tissue edema all lead to a thickened airway and decreased airflow throughout the lungs (Figure 4). These structural changes also are known as remodeling since they a complex morphological changes involving all of the structures in the bronchial walls (Bousquet et al., 2000) Remodeling occurs after inflammation and mucus cell hyperplasia have resolved (Maltby, 2017 et al., 2017). Some anatomic changes which young children and preadolescents are especially prone to include an increase in the anterior to posterior diameter of the chest, elevated clavicles, and a depressed diaphragm (Fireman, 2003).

The bronchioles, I believe to be the most complex part of the respiratory system. The bronchioles really do have an important role in the respiratory system. After the bronchi ends bronchioles begin. The bronchioles conduct air form the bronchi, pass air through the nose, mouth and then to the alveoli. The bronchioles function by distributing air through the lungs by constricting and dilating, this control the amount of air that goes through the lungs. The bronchioles began to taper off unto three tiny air passageways: the lobular bronchioles, terminal, and respiratory bronchioles. The bronchioles have no support by cartilage, and because of this they are more likely to be affected by conditions that may cause obstruction of the airway. The

Previous experimental studies have suggested that absolute lung compliance increases with age [4, 11]. For example, Bozanich et al. [12], Sly et al. [13] and Kewu [8] observed that decreases in elastin containing fibers are associated with increases in lung compliance. It is likely that the effects of aging influence these two lung remodeling events differently. Also, the bulk modulus of the lung is a size-independent stiffness and is a function of the inherent physical properties of the tissue at a given lung volume. A more recent study reported that bulk modulus increased with age, approximately linearly [5, 14]. The literature review indicated that bulk modulus and shear modulus of human lungs increased with age at constant pressure. In other previous experimental studies of the aging human lung, it has been reported that the lung elastic recoil diminishes with age [4, 15, 16]. This decrease in lung elastic recoil can be inferred from variations in the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lung parenchyma. Additionally, a decrease in alveolar surface area [17, 18] is also associated with aging. In order to understand the mechanisms of aging, the properties of the small bronchioles and alveoli must be

The results supported that the female swimmers had a higher lung performance than the female non-swimmers. The swimmers’ total average was 34.61 L/min higher. This could be explained by the fact that that the swimmer subjects had been swimming routinely and competitively for the past four years. This also leads to the question as to if their lung volume is also greater than non-swimmers. This could be studied by assessing the same subjects with a different pulmonary test such as the body plethysmography. Other tests could also be performed to more accurately assess the subjects’ lung function. Peak flow meters are typically used for asthma patients to measure the strength of their lungs. Tests such as the spirometry and the gas diffusion provide

Static lung volumes can change between different ranges depending on the intensity of inspiration and expiration. Pulmonary stretch receptors that lie throughout the smooth muscles surrounding the airways determine the maximum amount of expansion in the lungs. The stretch receptors prevent over inflation of the lungs and the maximum lung capacity through the phenomenon known as Hering-Breuer reflex (Sherwood). In contrast, the maximum amount of deflation in the lungs is dependent on the transmural pressure gradient.

The lungs are very vascular organs, meaning they receive a very large blood supply. This is because the pulmonary arteries, which supply the lungs, come directly from the right side of your heart. They carry blood which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into your lungs so that the carbon dioxide can be blown off, and more oxygen can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The newly oxygen-rich blood then travels back through the paired pulmonary veins into the left side of your heart. From there, it is pumped all around your body to supply oxygen to cells and organs. The lungs are covered by smooth membranes that we call pleurae (Shier, Lewis, & Butler, 2006). The pleurae have two layers, a 'visceral' layer which sticks closely to the outside surface of your lungs, and a 'parietal' layer which lines the inside of your chest wall (ribcage). The pleurae are important because they help you breathe in and out smoothly, without any friction. They also make sure that when your ribcage expands on breathing in, your lungs expand as well to fill the extra space (VanPutte el al.,

The average person’s lung capacity can be increased by 5 to 15 percent (The Effects of Exercise on Lung Capacity). Exercises, or sports that involve running, swimming, and cycling affect your lung capacity, other sports may not have the same affect (Banar, Maura). Exercise can cause your heart and breathing rates to increase, delivering fresh oxygen to the bloodstream, and more energy to the muscles (The Effects of Exercise on Lung Capacity). The most effective workout that encourages improvements in lung capacity is high-intensity aerobic training, which includes running and swimming (Banar, Maura). Lung capacity can also be increased by regular aerobic workouts, but only by a minimum amount (The Effects of Exercise on Lung Capacity). If your sport doesn't emphasize lung capacity, your muscles can still thrive, allowing you to still increase lung capacity during physical challenges (Banar, Maura). Exercising can affect your lung capacity instantly or within a few minutes (The Effects of Exercise on Lung Capacity). By exercising you are increasing and toning the heart and lungs, which is improving ranges of motion (The Effects of Exercise on Lung