Voluntary Reaction Time Lab Report

In order to maintain a healthy body temperature, the heat produced with in the body or absorbed from the environment must be balanced from the heat lost from the body. A normal body temperature is measured at 37 degrees.

* A stretch reflex is a contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled. Stretch reflexes are important in maintaining proper posture. Stretch reflexes are used to determine which areas of the body the central nervous system are not responding to. For example, if you tap your knee to check for reflex and the leg doesn’t move, you then know that the peripheral nerves that lead to the knee are nonresponsive and/or the brain is not receiving a signal from that particular area.

2. Physiological state in defined as “the condition or state of the body or bodily functions”. This can be measured when we perform our observations. By measuring a patient’s respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, peak flow (in asthma patients), pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, core temperature, blood sugar, pupil reaction and Glasgow coma scale. All these combined measurement can give us an insight into the patient’s health or Physiological state.

The purpose of this experiment was to be able to test different intensities of warm-up conditions changes in the heart rate, skin temperature, electromyogram (EMG), and the contraction of the bicep brachii. Testing three different intensity conditions to determine which warm-up is more efficient on muscle conditioning. Bicep stretches, cardio, and aerobic stretching were the three different conditions because they focused on different muscles in the body. The warm-up that is able to efficiently deliver more oxygenated blood to the muscle is the most affective. Therefore, the predictions is that aerobic stretching will enhance muscle performance of the bicep brachii. This will happen because aerobic stretching is a high intensity warm-up that increases heart rate and cardiac output.

Reaction time is defined as: "…the amount of time between the occurrence of an event (such as a car pulling out into the road) and a person's response (hitting the brakes)."- http://epsych.msstate.edu/deliberate/SimpleRT/index.html?6yesLeft.html

A simple spinal reflex is a reflex—involuntary, graded, patterned response to a stimulus—that is produced via a single synapse between sensory axons and motor neurons and confined to the spinal cord. In this experiment, two simple spinal reflexes—the myotactic reflex and the H-reflex—were stimulated. We compared a) the latency period—the amount of time between a stimulus and the effector response— and the amplitude—magnitude of an electrical signal—of each reflex; then, b) the effect of the Jendrassik Maneuver (JM) upon the latency period and amplitude of each respective reflex. For the myotactic response, a mechanical stimulus, a sharp strike of the patellar tendon, was utilized to elicit a signal in stretch receptors; however, to trigger the H-reflex, an electrical impulse was applied. These reflexes originate from an action potential produced by a sensory neuron when a stimulus is applied. Sensory neurons transmit the action potentials to an integrating center—the spinal cord—where a response is determined. Then, this response is taken back to the effector organ via motor neurons. The reflex occurs while the brain is becoming aware of the stimulus. Furthermore, the myotactic reflex is

In addition to testing both males and females, three different age groups including 16-18 year olds, 21-23 year olds and 47-49 year olds will be have their reaction times assessed. Incorporating a range of individuals from teenagers to middle aged people will allow inferences to be made regarding the effect that age has on reaction time. Across the experiments, two other aspects will be varied including using dominant or non-dominant hands

This paper explores and explains the findings of the heart rate experiment conducted by the students of Grand Canyon University for the Anatomy and Physiology 202 Laboratory course. Over a two week time span, students were asked to record their heart rate, before, during, and after activities as instructed by the professor. Specifically, this paper focuses on the female students, comparing the heart rates of individuals who reported that they drink coffee versus those females who reported that they do not drink coffee. The effects of caffeine contained in the coffee were examined and it was noted that those who drink coffee have lower heart rates before, during, and after times of examination. These findings suggested that the hypothesis proposed prior to research, Females Who Drink Coffee Have a Higher Heart Rate Prior to Exams, was an incorrect statement.

INTRODUCTION: Reaction time plays a very important role in our lives as it determines our every day life, factors that can affect the average human reaction time including age, gender, exercise/ health, distractions, height etc. Reaction time is a measure of how quick organisms can respond to types of stimulus, e.g visual or auditory. A reflex is a rapid, automatic response to a change in the external or

Reflexes protect us from danger, a reflex is a reaction from a muscle that happens instantly in response to stimulation.Without studying reflexes we won't know if a human begin nervous system development and function is working properly.Reflexes allow us to understand the body and how it's work, also it allows us to figure out clues that our spinal cord, nerve root could be damaged or our sense of feeling is off.One clinical application is the testing of these reflexes one is called Babinski which id the stroking of infants foot on the lateral side.Another one is cremasteric reflex which is the stroking of skin if the upper thigh.Ankle jerk reflex is also one which the tap to calcaneal tendon to see the reaction from tibia nerve.One simple

There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)

Reflexology mainly requires the use of the finger and the thumb to manipulate certain nerve endings of the foot known as reflex points. When these points are stimulated, they prompt the flow of energy to the corresponding body part. Since there are

Introduction: Skeletal muscle contraction happens when Ca2+ floods into the muscle cell binding with troponin allowing actin and myosin to bind. The actin and myosin cross bridges bind and contract using ATP as energy. Muscle fatigue is defined as the inability to maintain a desired power output. Muscle contraction can be affected by peripheral fatigue which refers to fatigue mediated by factors outside of the central nervous system, specifically within the muscle fibers, or central fatigue which involves the central nervous system and occurs predominantly due to afferent reflexes that inhibit output from the motor cortex. Peripheral fatigue can be caused by decreased levels of any of the molecules/metabolites involved in muscle contraction.

Introduction: Exercise is a physical activity or particular movement that is used in order to become healthier and stronger. (1) Exercise, in all of its forms, has various effects on the different systems in the human body. One of the main benefits is cardiovascular health, including circulation and heart health. Exercise uses a lot of energy, which the cells derive from oxidising glucose. Meaning that the heart has to work harder to pump more blood throughout the body and the heart has to beat faster in order to achieve a high effort. (2) The heart benefits from exercise include being able to pump more blood through the body and continue working at a higher level with less strain. (3)

A reflex action is defined as an involuntarily, nearly instantaneous, movement in response to a stimulus (Boundless, 2016). A reflex action is a response that does not need any thought input. For example, when a person accidentally touches a hot object, the automatic response that results is that they move their hand away without even thinking. With that being said, the path that is taken by the nerve impulse in a reflex action is called a reflex arc (Boundless, 2016). The main components that make up the “reflex arc”, as depicted in the image below, consist of the receptor, afferent or sensory neuron, integration centre, and the efferent or motor neuron. A reflex action can be initiated by various stimuli such as internal or external stimuli. An internal stimulus is that which is from within the organism itself whereas an external stimulus is that which is occurs outside the organism. When it comes