Validity And Reliability

The research question addressed by the article titled, “The Effect of Unit-Based Simulation on Nurses’ Identification of Deteriorating Patients” by Disher et al., are: 1. What is the effect of using unit-based, high-fidelity simulation as an educational tool on RNs’ knowledge levels in handling acute respiratory deteriorating patients on step-down cardiovascular units in a community hospital? 2. What is the effect of using unit-based, high-fidelity simulation as an educational tool on RNs’ self-confidence levels in handling acute respiratory deteriorating patients on step-down cardiovascular units in a community hospital? (Disher et al., 2014)

The Values and Motives Questionnaire, also known as the Values and Motives Inventory, is designed to examine a person’s motivation in relation to his values and activities. In order to ensure a comprehensive understanding of values, the VMQ assess three distinct areas, including: interpersonal, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Interpersonal values, according to the VMQ refer to one’s relationships with others. Intrinsic values contain one’s personal beliefs and attitudes. Finally, extrinsic values are one’s motivating factors at the workplace. Each of these three areas contain twelve topics

Values and Motives Questionnaire: The Technical Manual (n.d.). Retrieved from the Liberty COUN 521 website: Psytech International.

During the Middle Ages, there were many revolutionary things happening. When people think of the Middle Ages, knights may come to mind. That’s because chivalry was probably one of the most important concepts of the time. There was also a plaque from 1348-1350, not to mention the church and states’ shaky relationship. Without some of the literature of this time period, there would be little understanding of the culture and lives of people during the Middle Ages. The Pardoner’s Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer tells how even hundreds of years ago, greed took a hold of people. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight shows how important chivalry was during this time period. The Wife of Bath depicts the importance of chivalry, too, while also telling about the struggles that women faced.

“I remained too much inside my head and ended up losing my mind”-Edgar Allan Poe

Credibility is similar to internal validity in quantitative studies; if a study is credible, the reader can have faith that the study and its findings are accurate; to determine credibility the reader should look for the use of standard procedures, extended observation and/or contact with the participants, member checking, and reexamination of the data (Connelly, 2016). Dependability, refers to the constancy of the data over time and condition, and is comparable to reliability in quantitative research. However, in qualitative studies, it is important to understand that the study’s nature affects its conditions. Measures that denote a dependable study include peer debriefings, and the maintenance process logs (Connelly,

Self-confidence is viewed one of the most influential aspect in people's everyday lives (Bandura, 1986). As an emergency nurse responder, they are moderately confident in dealing efficiently with emergency situations while performing basic life support to a victim. Moderately true can have its contributors and factors why the emergency nurse responders mostly chose this instead of being exactly true. One being, Moderately confident that the responders mentioned that they have joined or gone through enough trainings/programs on basic life support for the responders to say they are confident enough to apply what they have learned. Even being with the institution for a long period, in this case a few responders have said upon interviewing that

There are various methods you can use to validate the reliability of the information. The information will only be reliable if the information is being received from a dependable source. The accuracy of the information and the relevance of it should also be up for consideration. There can be many ways of errors occurring in the information from human error when inputting it to the source material being incorrect or inaccurate. The two main techniques used to test the reliability of the information are the validation and verification methods. The verification method involves checking that the data entered will match up with the original source. The two main ways of doing this is either to use proofreading techniques or to use the double entry

Aronson and Colleagues (2013) believes that in most cases new nurses find themselves under prepared to handle complex patient cases when patient illness rapidly deteriorates. The researchers use quasi- experimental studies for the research. The study thus sought to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of theory based role modelling intervention on enhancing the students competencies in responding to stimulated response to rescue event. The measurement of the performance was enhanced by Heart Failure Simulation Competency Evaluation Tool (HFSCET). According to Aaronson, Glynn, B., and Squires, T., this research was based on a performance which was previously validated by Heart Failure simulation Competency with a pre-test score of 59.08 and a post-test score of 87.08 (2013).

Validity and reliability help ascertain the quality of a piece of research by verifying the trustworthiness of a study. Validity verifies the research is measuring what the researchers intended to study. Validity is measured by degree in particular uses. Researchers must show the inference, to the study, is the proper amount. Validity is commonly examined through evidence based on relations to other variables. This occurs when results from one test are compared to similar tests (McMillan, 2012).

Strengthening of the self-concept could be brought on by using processes such as the five core aspects of self-awareness:

Metric tools can set parameters or measures quantitative assessment for measurement, comparison and to track performance or production (Skandamis, Andritsos, Psomas, & Paramythiotis, 2015). The metric tool that was ultilzied in the case study was the Self-Efficacy for Managining Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale. The Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale was created and validated by the Stanford Patient Education Resource Center. The Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale incorporates several areas that are common among many chronic diseases including, symptom control, role function, emotional functioning and communicating with physicians (Lorig, Sobel, Ritte, Laurent, and Hobbs, 2001).

According to chapter four, “To control the effects of memory on test-retest reliability (which can produce an overestimate of reliability), one strategy is to avoid the reuse of a measure and to use equivalent versions of the measure instead” (Gatewood, Murray, Barrick 112). In order to control the reliability, there are four ways to estimate reliability. The first estimate is Inter-rater reliability, which evaluates the reliability across different people. For example, with inter-rater reliability the same test is given to different people and the scores are evaluated. The second estimate is test-retest reliability, which evaluates the reliability across time. For example, with test-retest reliability the same test is given to the same

“There is an old saying, “Rome wasn’t built in a day.” However, it could also be said that, “Rome wasn’t built, by the Ancient Greeks, in a day.” (Crest) Ancient Greece was founded in 800 B.C. and was seen to be the first technical, civilized society. Within this society there were large advances in art, poetry and technology. Despite these advances Greece finally fell to the Romans in the Battle of Corinth in circa 146 B.C. and was established as a Province of the Roman Empire. This occupation, by the Empire of Rome inside of Greece was a symbolic moment of their history. The Romans witnessed the success of Greece and evidence suggests that the Romans adopted the Greek culture into their Empire with some minor changes. From a social science perspective evidence seems to suggest that Rome adopted the Grecian systems of politics, culture, and psychological influences.

In the surveys and randomized controlled trials, validity, reliability and generalizability are three key factors.