Transtheoretical Model

The process of change describes how people change. These processes of change are divided into two categories; cognitive and behavioral. Cognitive is the thinking process of change and behavioral is the action process of change. The transtheoretical model suggests that people use different strategies, techniques or different amounts of each at different stages in their change process. Self-efficacy refers to confidence and an individual’s experience with confidence to perform specific behaviors in specific situations. Self-efficacy is a good predictor of behavior change. An individual with higher self-efficacy may be more likely to change a behavior even if the situation doesn’t have any positive reinforcements (Campbell, Eichhorn, Early, Caraccioli, Greely, 2012).

In this part of my assignment I will describe 2 different theories of behaviour change in relation to health.

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative model of behavior change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings (Velicer, 1998). It describes people’s motivation and readiness to change. It was developed by J. O. Prochaska and Carlo C. DiClemente in the late 1970’s in an effort to examine smokers who were able to quit on their own versus those who required professional treatment. It is a model that focuses on the individuals own decision-making skills, which involves emotions, perceptions, and behavior. TTM proposes a set of constructs that form multivariate outcomes (Velicer). These constructs are known as the stages of change, decisional balance, processes of change, self-efficacy or temptations. However, the main construct of the model is the

The Transtheoretical Model is a theory of health behavior that suggests that behavior change is a process, not an event. There are five stages of change someone can go through while attempting to engage in positive behavior: precontemplation, no intention to act within six months; contemplation, intention to act within six months; preparation, intention to act within the next thirty days along with some behavioral steps; action, changed behavior for less than six months, maintenance, changed behavior for more than six months; termination, end of the behavior. These stages are not linear, so an individual can move up and down the stages of change indiscriminately.

SCT describes individuals’ behaviour according to a three way model which is dynamic and has mutual relationship among the three factors: personal factors; behaviour and environmental influences (Glanz and Bishop, 2010). Generally, SCT uses for counselling interventions which aims disease prevention since it consists of the concepts of “cognitive”, “behavioristic” and “emotional models” (Glanz and Bishop, 2010). Key construct of SCT is individuals no only learn from their own experiences but also by observing other peoples’ actions and results of those actions (Glanz and Bishop, 2010). In addition, self-control and self-efficacy is also identified as key ideas in SCT (Glanz and Bishop, 2010).

For the transtheoretical model my interviewee is in the contemplation phase. She recognizes that her actions are not good for her health and is looking at what could happen if she does not change. Though, she did not have a plan for the lifestyle change until I showed her the wellness plan.

The authors of this journal article initiated research into this subject by entering certain key words related to self-management techniques and practices for type 2 diabetes in three major journal research engines. What is notable about this process is that the literature review that accompanies most research documents actually doubled as the actual research performed itself, since the authors merely analyzed the studies and findings of the journal articles they deemed relevant to their review of existing literature. The initial titles that

Also, social support is a construct of the SCT, and hence this is another reason why this theory is suitable to design an intervention. Glanz, Rimer, and Viswanath (2015) depicts that social support contributes to perceived self-efficacy and aids in the adherence to a new behavior. Also, observation, activation of social support systems, and modeling can strengthen self-efficacy (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). Studies have shown that having social support can be helpful for encouraging and facilitating healthy eating behaviors (Martin et al., 1994). Therefore, it is very likely that homeless veterans could improve their diet choice with increasing social support. With that in mind, Doerksen and McAuley (2014) used the SCT to carry out a study using university employees across a 5-month period to investigate psychosocial determinants of dietary behavior change. The study showed that self-efficacy and outcome expectations were positively associated with a change in low-fat food consumption (LFC) over 5 months (Doerksen & McAuley, 2014). While this study did not explore the construct social support of the SCT, social support contributes to perceived self-efficacy. Therefore, increasing social support, whether it is emotional, belonging, or informational, can influence perceived

The study discusses the social cognitive theory and relates to it by sending monthly information to the churches that highlights a health behavior change strategy consistent with this theory (Kyryliuk, Baruth, & Wilcox, 2015). The social cognitive theory is defined as “a three-way, dynamic, reciprocal model in which personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continually interact” (Glanz, Burke, & Rimer, 2015, p. 244). Another way the study incorporates this theory is by evaluating the participants personal factors, such as self-efficacy, environmental factors, such as perceived stress, and behavior, including nutrition and physical activity. It discusses a person’s confidence in their ability to make changes despite encountering obstacles or challenges, which is a variable that is assessed and examined throughout the study (Glanz, Burke, & Rimer, 2015).

Cadzow, R. B., Vest, B. M., Craig, M., Rowe, J. S., & Kahn, L. S. (2014). “Living Well with Diabetes”: Evaluation of a Pilot Program to Promote Diabetes Prevention and Self-Management in a Medically Underserved Community. Diabetes Spectrum, 27(4), 246-255 10p.

The barriers to behavior change in Mrs. Anderson’s scenario are long and busy work and life schedule, sleep deprivation, and absence of hobbies. I believe that the theoretical framework or model that would support her behavior change is the Health Belief Model (HBM). This theory postulates that people’s belief about their health or disease risks and the results from counteracting these threats identify their preparedness to initiate behavioral change (Glanz, n.d.). Based on your framework or model, some the interventions to employ are (a) setting reasonable and attainable short and long term goals; (b) commitment and accountability to self and others; (c) documentation of actions towards achieving these goals; (d) monitoring

In the lifestyle changes – a continuous inner struggle for women with type 2 diabetes, women with type 2 diabetes are instructed to change their lifestyle with eating healthy and exercising, however they are highly unmotivated. As there is an emotional issue that needs to be resolved before one Is able to tackle the lifestyle change problem. The grave hindrance is that many of the women have a difficult time accepting their condition yet alone trying to cope with it, they tend to complain and blame their life while they continuously are struggling in coping with it emotionally and physically, they tend to feel jealous of others who can just eat whatever they want , feels that life has become a soft if burden where you can just sit and enjoy

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) was created by Prochaska and DiClemente. It is based on “(1) the stages of change, (2) the decisional balance scale, (3) the strong and weak principle, (4) self-efficacy, and (5) the processes of change” (Kelly, 2008, p. 149). A person’s progression through the stages depends on their perception of the advantages of adopting a healthy lifestyle (Kelly, 2008).

The tools for the project plan includes an Omani Self-Management Survey also called diabetes self-management (DSM) ( Appendix G) and the Diabetes Self-Management and Education Assessment Scoring (Appendix H). DSM consists of a twenty questions survey that are a life-long journey that patients to adjust to a new lifestyle, make decisions, and perform specific tasks (Alrahbi, 2014). However, diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a five part score questionnaire that is an element of care for all people with diabetes and those at risk of developing the disease. Furthermore, the National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education supports and assist diabetes educators in providing evidence-based education and self-management support.

Health related research was stimulated by the social learning theory. Research showed that persons perceived level and strength of self-efficacy was closely related to their choices in health behaviors. (Maibach & Murphy, 1995). The desire to maintain new behaviors is usually related to the experience of success through self-efficacy and the mastery of new behaviors (O’Leary, 1985).