Transactional Analysis

TA is a social psychoanalysis and a method to improve communication. Berne wanted a theory which could be understood and available to everyone and began to develop what came to be called (TA). The theory outlines how we have developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which will enable us to change and grow. Transactional Analysis is underpinned by the philosophy that:

Social and Emotional Development: Developing sense of own identity and wanting to do things for their selves, demanding of adults attention and being jealous of adults attention being shred, reluctant to share play things, acts impulsively, requiring needs to be met instantly, prone to burst of emotion tantrums, enjoys playing with adults or older child who will give attention, beginning to play with others of own age for short periods of time.

Emotional development; a child will develop a stung emotional attachment to carers/parents also to their toys i.e. a teddy bear. A child has basic emotions for example happy or sad and will start developing an understanding of others. Children will form relationships with other children and will developed skills such a sharing. A child will see differences in types of relationships between family and those in a formal setting.

Other signs may be that the child is often late for school or nursery and have poor attendance. The child may be withdrawn and have low self-esteem and confidence. They may have an inability to form friendships and feel sad. They may be destructive and aggressive and have neurotic behaviour where they sit and rock or twist their hair as they have nothing to stimulate them. They may have poor language skills as they are not encouraged to have conversations with their parents, they may be delayed in development in other ways as they are not encouraged to push themselves physically. They may have limited experiences as they are never have any interaction with their parents, they are never taken to the park or taken on days out.

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In T.A. the life-script is an important concept as all transactions, games, ego-states and the concepts they encompass relate to the re-enforcement of an individual’s life script. Berne defined life-script as;

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Strong emotions such as fear, joy and anger are shown. Imitates adults in simple tasks. May alternate between independence and clingy behaviour. Enjoys other children’s company but still reluctant to share. 2 years to 2 ½ years May have established a hand preference (right-handed/ left handed).

Children can have many different physical and behavioral characteristics that can manifest themselves as a direct

| * Will move their arms and clench their fists if a sudden noise or bright light * Will cry when hungry or distressed * Will stop crying when they hear a familiar voice * Will develop different types of cry

This is a 2-parent 1-child home with several concerns. The parents are successful in their employment and strive in securing the basic level of needs for the household. Mallorie is a typical teenager-acting out to receive attention from her parents and feel that they should spend more time as a family. There are two theories that could be used to help strengthen and restructure this family- the social learning family intervention and individual cognitive behavioral therapy. As noted in Kilpatrick & Holland (2009) “the social learning family treatment approach has been successfully engaged with a variety of families and with many levels of family needs. This model enables the practitioner to utilize a well-structured series of intervention strategies yet allows for the necessary flexibility when working with diverse, chaotic, and unique family systems.” Cognitive behavioral therapy is a technique that is used to treat various disorders that are related to anxiety, mood, personality, substance abuse, etc. that are connected with

He is patience when he wants something and waits for his turn during activities, without getting angry or upset, as he demonstrated on 11 occasions that he could control his emotions. Child X appears to get distracted by very by little things, more than he was able to ignore kids who are fooling around in class. He also bounces his legs very often, and starts fidgeting after a few minutes when he is supposed to sit still, even though he is able to follow instruction and participate in tasks given. Whether or not he was able to finish tasks is a question for further

As a divorced couple with a child, Ted and Joanna Kramer came to therapy to resolve their presenting problem: coming up with a co-parenting plan. Billy is the identified patient because his parents are triangulating him into their conflict. Triangulation occurs when parent are incapable of working out their problems, so they bring a child who becomes the focus of the problem (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2013, p. 284). According to Goldenberg and Goldenberg (2013), each parent demands the child to side with him or her against the other, while the other sees this alignment as a betrayal or attack (p. 284). Therefore, Ted and Joanna demand Billy side with them separate from the other; this is created conflict in the family

Transactional analysis has allowed me to realize my childhood has an impact on my behavior and decisions as an adult. Growing up my family had rules and regulations for children and most of them currently affect me. I believe I am silent in certain situations, because of the way I was raised. Growing up I was taught that children are to be seen and not heard. This regulation made me believe as a child I did need to talk to everyone and be social, because they saw me. I used my presence as my words, so I was often quiet. In addition, I was raised to speak when spoken to, and I still have that regulation installed in me as an adult. This regulation made me believe I showed respect to people by responding and acknowledging them when they are speaking

The child may be afraid to speak, and afraid of becoming the target of anger for speaking without approval. This is due in part to not being spoken to by adults or experiencing meaningful discussion with adults. The child cries easily and often. The child’s world is so chaotic the child cannot handle ordinary stress. The child usually has not witnessed appropriate ways of dealing with stress. The child will act out aggressively toward peers and adults. The child models the aggressive behavior observed in the home, and when playing with others. The child will have an inability to play constructively. There is a lot of throwing or kicking, and possible destruction of toys. Many children have not been shown how to play and interact with other children. Children are working out their frustration and worry in play (http://www.uen.org). The child will show inconsistent or inappropriate display of emotions. Abuse can result in the child not learning appropriate emotional responses, as well as not being in touch with their true feelings.