Three Rural Problem in China

One of the biggest issues accompanied with modern agriculture is land use. In the United States, for example, around 60 percent of land is used to grow produce and livestock. With such an extensive use of land

Under National Agro-Food Policy, agriculture sector has been identified as a National Key Result Area. Under this initiative, the agriculture sector is targeted to increase the Gross National Income by RM28.9 Billion (USD9.1 billion) to reach RM49.1 billion (USD15.4 billion) by 2020. The agricultural sector is also targeted to create more than 109,000 job opportunities by 2020, primarily in the rural areas.

Source A is reliable but does not fully support the assertion. Source A, taken from a British-based research in 1997, intends to show how Mao’s preventive healthcare measures improved the peasants’ quality of life but “sparrowcide” had resulted in people having lesser grain as they were eaten by insects. Source A states that Mao had implemented the measures such as “basic healthcare and preventive services”, closing brothels and running campaigns against opium use to bring diseases and vices under control. However, by eradicating the sparrows in the Four Pests Campaign, “the insects ... now devoured the grains instead”.

There is no doubt that urban agriculture has many benefits people who are living in urban area especially fixing the food insecurity problem. According to the USDA Economic Research Service (2016), food insecurity can happened when a household loss access to fresh foods due the lack in social and low economic. When the population of people concentrated in an area with bad economic situation increases, it will later affects the employment opportunities and food insecurity might be a critical issue. This is supported by a

Moreover, peasant realised feeding themselves is more important than buying insignificant consumer goods. So, they held grain for themselves and the grain export seems to have been abandoned. A system scale of individual peasant farming under the NEP couldn’t support plans for industrialisation and the Communists were out of favour for this plan and so, the current NEP policy needs to be replaced by a more vigorous and rapid one.

farmed dramatically increased.This meant that there was a larger amount of crops going to the

Throughout time, humans have pushed forward in every aspect in life in order to improve their living standards, wealth and most importantly the agricultural sector which is the base of every human race. Food is the basic requirement for any individual to stay alive and healthy. In an article by Tamsin McMahon, she states that over the past 60 years, the world population has grown from 2.5 billion to 7 billion while world hunger dropped from 40% down to 15% (McMahon T., July 2012). This shows that our agricultural advances through technology have helped control world hunger and decrease it by more than half, but this is a short-term solution if we want to consider the future generations that depend on our current actions toward the three main pillars of agriculture which are: Health and nutrition, Economy and sustainability all while considering the local small farms and corporate farms.

Dr. Hao Jingfang works for the China Development Research Foundation which helps advance and promote economic development and social progress. She conducts research with an emphasis on rural poverty and presents recommendations to the government. Dr. Hao has witnessed and learned about China’s development over the last century, such as the Cultural Revolution-the birth of communist ideals- and capitalism. China transformed their system and has been ascending economically for the last several decades. Dr. Hao Jingfang had also witnessed its side effects: the excellent ever increasing gross domestic product(GDP) and the not so good effects of increased poverty. Another one of the of the not so spectacular side effects are how the wealth,

Another way modernization is illustrated in India is through agriculture and industry, notwithstanding the effects it had on Indians. Industry guided India to a much stronger economy, arguably guiding them to holding a spot in the top ten economies in the world (O.I). Irrigation cultivated approximately 30 million acres, awarding the country great agricultural wealth. Along with wealth also came a disappearance of the famines in India. Collectively, the country of India as a whole benefited from this modernization as it set a higher standard of living for the population.

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was the last feudal dynasty in China’s history; meanwhile, it was the dynasty that bred modernized thoughts and foster revolutionaries for Modern China. The Late Qing, which dramatically turned from prosperity to decline, experienced the failure of the Opium War, a series of unequal treaties signed with the western powers in mid-19th century, several well-known uprisings, reforms for modernization, and war among warlords. Every event gradually pushed the Qing dynasty to the end, while this article will focus on the modernizing reforms happened in the Late Qing. Whatever the result, the transform of modernizing thoughts, modernizing actions and modernizing policies in the Late Qing Dynasty was a essential factor in order to understanding modern China.

     Agriculture has changed dramatically, especially since the end of World War II. Food and fibre productivity rose due to new technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government policies that favoured maximizing production. These changes allowed fewer farmers with reduced labour demands to produce the majority of the food and fibre.

Growth in the agricultural sector has been driven by increased production of major food crops such as maize, sorghum and cassava, but the sector’s performance remains below potential. In turn, the services and industrial sectors have shown strong growth. The nascent banking sector and expanding telecommunications sector are key drivers behind services growth, while construction, electricity generation, manufacturing and mining are salient sub-sectors in industrial activity. Looking ahead, the banking and telecommunication sectors will continue to support services growth, while increased electricity generation capacity will benefit the expansion of the manufacturing

While programs like the Cultivated Land Balancing and Payment for Environmental Services regimes have stabilized the China’s food security situation for the time being it could not have predicted the changing and increasing demands on the system. At current levels China will soon outstrip its own ability to produce sufficient food to feed itself. These concerns about China’s ability to meet its own food security needs are strong enough to spur speculation that Chinese investments in

Production and Productivity Trends Labor productivity. Up until the 1970s, the Philippines’ agricultural performance, in terms of both agricultural Gross Value Added (GVA) and agricultural exports, compared well with its neighbors and other Asian countries (Figure 3a). But by the 1980s and 1990s, the country had lagged behind most of the countries in the region (Figures 3b and 3c). This came as agricultural output growth had slowed down dramatically through the decades (Figure 4). Moreover, the sector’s growth had been rather erratic in the 1990s, especially with the periodic occurrence of the El Niño phenomenon that had appreciable impact on weather patterns and, consequently, agricultural performance. Table 1 shows the average annual growth in GVA of major agricultural commodities since 1960. What is clear from the table is that growth rates of all commodities, except for livestock and poultry, have been slowing down over time. Furthermore, growth rates have been below the population growth rate, implying that production has not been able to keep up with increasing population. Erratic and decelerating growth over the past two decades is a major concern, as agriculture continues to employ a large

Since Beijing has such a contrast between unurbanized and urbanized land, it is important to promote a fusion between the two. With growing cities, there is a limit on food and natural resources. Due to the limitations on resources, rural areas are discouraged from urbanizing. To help this situation peri-urban agriculture (PUA) has created a new model for agricultural development. PUA allows for innovative ways for agriculture and to secure a food source around an urbanized area. Some examples of PUA in Beijing include agro-tourism, enterprise-based food processing, and high tech-agro-enterprises. Agro-tourism allows for people to visit farms and pick produce, the people are then able to prepare dishes with the collected produce. Around these farms, restaurants and hotels are usually established. Enterprise-based food processing allows for private businesses to invest in agriculture. High-tech-agro-enterprises are usually initiated by the government or endorsed by the government. These enterprises allow for technology to be incorporated with agriculture promoting sustainability. The PUA creates jobs, revenue and opportunities. Since the PUA brings opportunities for citizens and promotes sustainability it has caught the attention of policy makers. Policies and programs such as basic arable land protection, 2-2-1 protection program and the Beijing Urban Agricultural Policy have been put into place to protect the farms (Yang,