Thomas Jukes

Bison was popular to hunt in the plains. During Paleolithic times, there were a few kills by a group of hunters. However, they soon grew to a large event where thousands of buffalo were killed by driving them over cliffs in the autumn so that there was enough meat to last the winter. During the summer and spring months, other animals and plants were eaten and utilized. Agriculture was not needed until much later on for the natives of North of America,

People in the Middle East hunted by tracking down whatever game they could find. Hunting was never a productive way to find enough food and takes time to track an animal. It was so unpredictable that societies usually relied more on gathering. Gathering is physically harder work, however gathering is a more productive way of finding food than hunting. Nonetheless, it still doesn’t provide enough calories to support a large population which is why hunter/gatherer populations are so scarce.

From the early prehistoric society until now, we often heard the word “adaptation”, which means the process of changing something or changing our behavior to deal with new situations. The ways people adjust their natural environment varies according to time, place, and tribe. Foraging is common way of adaptation that people uses for most of human history; however because of the population pressure, some people adopt agriculture to fulfill their need. This essay, will discuss the positive and negative aspects of life in hunting and gathering societies compared to the agricultural societies based on Martin Harris’ article “Murders in Eden” and Jared Diamond’s article “The Worst Mistake in the History of Human Race.”

In Thomas Hariot’s, “A Brief and True Report of the Newfound Land of Virginia,” he explains his personal experiences with the Native Americans on Roanoke and interactions he had with them. Hariot talks about how John White and he get along with the natives due to their adventurous characteristics. They explored all of Roanoke and even beyond it. They made maps of the island, paintings, drawings, and scientific notes. Hariot describes the many different resources that are on the island. One being wine, “There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plãted and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised.” Another being pearle, he explains, “Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered those.” The other colonists that came along with Hariot did not get along with the

This art study will define the important role that Thomas Sully (1783-1872) had in painting portraits for American presidential elites in the 19th century. During early part of the 19th century, Sully was known as the premier portrait painter of John Quincy Adams and President Andrew Jackson as major works of his career. Sully had studied under the famous American portrait painter, Gilbert Stuart, which provided him the techniques and political access to paint presidents as part of a career in the arts. These works defined a high level of sophistication for an American painter, which relied heavily on Sully’s training as a painter in America and in Europe. Sully became the premiere painter of American elites due to an ability to capture the

“We know it’s a new year. Everybody 0-0. The main thing is you win or you go home,”

Further in the article, Mr. Kleine distinguishes “hunters” and “gatherers” with students and professors. “A hunter must go into the world with a strong sense of purpose and direction, and employ deliberate strategies and technologies to kill his game, while a gatherer must look about widely, making sense and use of the food he discovers…A hunter finds what he is looking for; a gatherer discovers that which might be of use” (24).

We view the world differently depending on what is taught to us and the people we are exposed to while growing up. We see the world how we want to see it and we make assumptions and form opinions about people without getting to know the truth. Perspective, or point of view, is predetermined by our own experiences. As perspective changes, the spectacle in an event or image changes. The spectacle in an image is the person or object that is most valued. The viewer invests the most attention and focuses most on this person or object. As our view point changes, so do our values and therefore so does the spectacle. Citizen by Claudia Rankine includes an altered photograph of a lynching. The original image includes

First, I would like to discuss the strategy of hunting and gathering, the sole strategy until twelve thousand years ago. Hunting and gathering is a form of subsistence dependent upon wild plants and animals for the majority of the calories of the diet. While its name underscores the importance of hunting in this lifestyle, this is misleading as the majority of caloric needs in societies practicing this strategy are met by gathering wild edible plants and berries.

Running the tips of his fingers along the keys, a broad-shouldered boy who has long become a man is perched precariously upon a lightly padded wooden piano bench in one of Columbia’s common rooms. He gently fumbles with the right hand of the Allegro movement, savoring especially the gorgeous A major zenith as eighth notes turn to sixteenths and leap, joyously singing with elation. He looks at me, makes a face, throws his head back and laughs because five years ago we sat on opposite sides of a vacant Stanford fraternity house with no interest in speaking to each other.

Hunting was important to the early man. This was how they would find food and the necessities that they needed from animals. In document #1, the cave painting found in Lascaux, France, shows a herd of deer attacking a group of people that have bows and arrows. The painting shows the human figures using the bows and arrows to attack and kill the deer. This evidence may suggest that this group of people are nomadic; meaning they migrate to areas where a food source is available. A quote by Jacob Bronowski’s documentary, The Ascent of Man, in

They also were scroungers who even ate dead animals that they found left by other larger predators.

During the Paleolithic Age, men would hunt for their food and sometimes did not know if or what they would eat as their next meal. The Neolithic Age changed all that. Men began to learn about breeding animals for a constant supply of food instead of only hunting for food. The men began to move around to search for land that was suitable to grow plants and breed appropriately to survive on. Many men began to forget about just hunting and started the breeding process, realizing they would have more food that way. Along with breeding the animals, the men began to grow plants to eat as well. The men became farmers and herdsman, the label of “hunters” became a fast and faded memory.

These advantages will be passed along to future generations thereby insuring the continuation of the species. This process referred to as “optimal foraging theory”, can be applied to human populations of hunter-gatherers. Ingold describes this objective as the ability “to maximize the balance between the energy intake from harvested resources and the energy costs of procurement” (Ingold 28). Foragers must make the decision of where to obtain food. These decisions are based on experience and sentient ecology. Hunters are faced with the same dilemma. A hunter must choose between an optimal high-yielding animal that is harder to hunt or, an easier to hunt yet less-yielding animal. Hunting decisions are based on weather, skill of the hunter, and available hunting technology. The strategies of following the cultural and ancestral hunting traditions may evolve over time through “a process of natural selection” (31). For example the older Cree hunter in the winter will travel by snowshoe and rely on his ability to find and handle any kind of animal. The younger generations of Cree hunters now utilize snowmobiles to track down high-priority animals and will specialize in hunting just one or two animals (Ingold 30). The style of hunting and the technology available for hunting has caused an evolution of

Also, many commentators discuss the knowledge, skills, and equipment (such as bows, snares and nets) necessary to gather animal food in the wild through animal trapping, hunting, fishing.