Thermal Plantar Analysis

The experiment lasted 15 consecutive days. During the experiment, the rats were placed into 12 identical operative chambers which was used for all behavioral training and testing. Each chamber had an automatic retractable lever

All subjects must be in good health on the day of the experiment and should be excluded if they have suffered from cardiovascular, renal, metabolic or respiratory illnesses,

The subjects were Sprague-Dawley male rats. Their age is 150 days. The supplier is Harlan Sprague-Dawley. They are maintained on a 12:12 h light/dark cycle and are provided with ad libitum access to food.

In order to ensure that this experiment will give us an outcome, we can compare it to a study that has already been conducted. Siberian hamsters were

The Effects of Divorce on Children Based on the Application of the Psychological Developmental Theories

For all surgical procedures and imaging protocols, each rat will be anesthetized with isoflurane using an anesthesia machine, including inhalant (isoflurane) and oxygen supply. Animals will be placed in a clear induction chamber and then transfer to a sterile surgical area for deep anesthesia. Sterile ophthalmic lubricant will be applied to the eyes once animals are anesthetized. Depth of anesthesia will be monitored by respiratory rate and absence of withdrawal reflex to footpad pinch. To maintain the corporal temperature, animals will be wrapped with towel and a surgical drape. Surgical sites will be

Through the infliction of burns, wounds, and side effects, researchers examine the animal to study the healing process, and the infliction of pain to determine its effects and remedies.

Tail flick test is an acute model of pain. In this study it was used to assess the anti-nociceptive effect of the drugs by measuring the latency of response (18). In this method, animal tail is exposed to a powerful light beam and the response latency period for flicking the tail off the beam is recorded (19). We apply radiant heat to the tail at 5-8 cm from the tip by using a tail flick apparatus. Tail flick latency time was estimated as the time from the onset of the heat exposure to the withdrawal of the tail. They adjusted the intensity of radiant heat to yield the baseline latencies of 2-4 sec. In order to avoid tissue damages the heat stimulus was discontinued after 7 sec (Cut off point =7 sec). In this study, tail flicking done 30,

This study used 30 subjects that had no neurological record and that had no current pain problems, or pain disorders. By the end of the study they had 26 people still participating, as one stopped because the pain, one stopped due to thermode failure, and two more they could not use as they did not show SCRs to the heat stimuli. All subjects, as with every study, had to read and understand the information about the study, and give an informed consent. This study consisted of a test phase, conditioning phase, heat-evoked skin conductance responses, or SCRs, multilevel mediation analysis, and then the statistical analyses. In this study two methods were used, the first method was researching if conditioned cue effects on pain by heat could be attained without any difference to the primary reinforcement of cues for low to high pain. The second method used a systematic procedure. They used multilevel mediation studies to examine whether self informed expectations strictly intervene with the conditioning effects of conditioned cues on heat-evoked

Verbal language is not the only means of communication. We can notice a person's emotions without him saying anything because of non-verbal language or body language he expressed. If we can examine body language in human, then we are also able to observe non-verbal language of animals. In accordance to Charles Darwin in his book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, many of the non-verbal reactions of human in expressing emotions are identical with those of animals (Darwin, 1873). Thus, there is no reason that one, especially a scientist who has conducted a lot of experiments with animals, does not know whether an animal is suffering from mental pain or not. As psychological pains caused by animal testing offends the tested animals' welfare, alternative methods must be used to replace animal testing.

A study in 2013 compares the response of lambs to light touch (10N) and pain (75N) stimulation of the wound and peri-wound 1 minuet and 24h after treatment. These figures show that treated lambs have a decreased response compared to their untreated

There was no difference in pain response between CFA treated rats and control rats when they behavioral test was conducted on the contralateral paw.

“Vaccines, antibiotics, anesthetics, surgical procedures, and other approaches developed in animals for human use are now commonly employed throughout veterinary medicine. Pets, livestock, and animals in zoos live longer, more comfortable, and healthier lives as a result of animal research” (Committee on the Use of Animals in Research (U.S.) 14). Most people who own pets know that giving pets vaccines and booster shot will help them and prevent them from deadly disease that often prove fatal such as, rabies. Being one of the most recognizable disease in domestic pets testing has given prevention to these pets. Furthermore, this has led to the promotion of humane treatment of animals involved in experiments. The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was passed by congress in 1966 in this act it regulates the standards for housing handling, feeding, veterinary care and use of pain relieving drugs (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.), National Research Council (U.S.) 31) Thus, many other different committees and regulation have been pasted to aid support in this. One of the biggest changes that has come about is the approach of the Three Rs advocating the replacement, reduction and refinement of experiments on animals. (Bottling, Bottling xix) Which means scientists are cognitive in their studies and showing that trails are not meant to cause pain and suffering to the test

lab two more times, with a few days between sessions, in which they underwent the exact

Ethics is needed within every organization. Before I get into that concept in great detail, I would first like to explain what ethics is. “The concept has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it 's coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing what 's right” (McNamara). This doesn’t intercept with the law. Yes, many legal things can be considered ethical and many illegal things can seem unethical, but many legal things can also be unethical. Therefore, something may be right in the eyes of the law but is not necessarily so from an ethical stand point.