The development and contribution Purcell made to the operatic genre through his opera and dramatic works.
Henry Purcell (1659-1695) composed music for many different genres. Among these he wrote one true opera, Dido and Aeneas (1689). He also wrote a number of dramatic works. Purcell spent the majority of his last five years composing music for the stage. The majority of Purcell’s dramatic instrumental music or songs were used in spoken plays. Purcell went on to write four semi-operas; Dioclesian (June 1690), King Arthur (May 1691), The Fairy Queen (May 1692) and The Indian Queen (1695). However, Dioclesian was his only semi-opera to be published whilst he was living (published: 1691).
This essay will explore the development and
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Arias were sparse in French opera and English masques, but along with ground bass were an important feature in Italian operas. ‘When I am laid in earth’ from Dido and Aeneas is an example of an Aria over a chromatic ground bass.
...[W]here as Blow’s opera is virtually sui generis, dominated by more or less continuous arioso and choruses, Dido more closely resembles contemporary French and Italian opera: the first in its preference for repeating units of ariette -chorus-dance, the second in its reliance on self-contained, modern-style arias. Of the heroine’s two set pieces, one (‘Ah Belinda’) is a written-out da capo and the other (‘When I am laid in earth’) is a lament on a ground bass, a cliché of Venetian opera.
(Curtis Price. ‘Henry Purcell’ In The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online)
Purcell had a skill for word setting and word painting incorporating the meaning of the text into the music by the melody line and phrasing. To do this he sometimes altered the text. In John Dryden’s (1631-1700) preface to King Arthur, staged in June 1691, Dryden had written that Purcell was ‘oblig’d to cramp my Verses’ to make them ‘harmonious to the Hearer’
(Margaret Laurie and Curtis Price. "Dryden, John." In Grove Music Online).
The frost scene from King Arthur illustrates one technique of word painting Purcell used. Again drawing in from my first point, vibrato was
This very much represents the physical crossing from the ‘normal’ world into a world which is not seen from the outside, and pushed to the edge of society, and further resembles a glimpse of hope for the patients’ recovery. In the later scenes of the play, during the performance of Mozart’s opera, the entire theatre has been transformed into something completely different, with its white walls, the bright, colourful costumes, and Mozart’s “music of the spheres” echoing within the once dark and dismal place. The new theatre in all its splendour metaphorically resembles the transformations of the characters themselves, and from this, the audience is encouraged to realise the significance and therapeutic nature of art, in this case theatre and music: “the music of this opera will keep the world in harmony”, especially in contrast to hopeless treatments such as shock therapy. Through his play, Nowra also encourages the audience to agree with his personal view that war is unnecessary, and in a way is a kind of madness itself, due to its chaotic and uncontrollable nature.
Dido’s Lament “When I am laid in earth” is an aria from the opera written in English that is included in many classical music textbooks. This piece includes word painting through text that is included on the text “darkness” and “death”. This piece was composed by Henry Purcell in the late sixteenth century and is one of England’s oldest operas and Purcell’s only opera. The chorus is “With drooping Wings” with a lament “Thy hand, Belinda”. Purcell put a good plot on this piece about tragic love. It has an Italian tradition of setting a lament over a basso ostinato, or ground bass. This piece has changing harmonies, and violins come in adding expressive dissonances to heighten the mood. Purcell used major keys to provoke happiness and minor
The choice of the “Three women of Don Giovanni” can give a good understanding of the type of music which was used to create an opera in the 18th century Italy. The opera buffa was a comic opera with a funny story line and light music. Mozart wrote at different levels.
To begin to chronicle the life of Henry Purcell is a difficult task as there is
Susan McClary’s scholarly article, A Musical Dialect from the Enlightenment: Mozart’s Piano Concerto in G Major, K. 453, Mvt. 2, starts off with her recalling a time after watching a performance of the concerto with a colleague and the two of them confessing different opinions about the soloist’s performance. McClary, who liked the performance, notes that soloist articulates “unusual compositional strategies indicated in Mozart’s texts”. The argument ends with the two not only about the piece and Mozart, but also about the significance of the eighteenth-century. McClary’s article attempts to critique the perfection of Mozart’s works.
The oratorio and cantata of the eighteenth century were both linked, unlike opera, to religious themes. Although intended for very different uses and circumstances of performance, all three genres contained musical commalities. Not surprisingly, the three genres would
The Baroque time period was a time of artistic style extravagant motion and clear, simply interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, excitement, and magnificence in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music. Opera is an arrangement in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining libretto (text) and musical score, typically in a theatrical setting. Opera came out of the baroque period of people wanting to make music that was more expressive. A group of people in Italy decided that a single line of melody with simple accompaniment would be much more expressive than words. This caused the creation of recitatives, which early operas consisted entirely of. This also caused arias, duets, and
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was probably the greatest genius in Western musical history. He was born in Salzberg, Austria on January 27, 1756. The son of Leopold Mozart and his wife Anna Maria Pertl. Leopold was a successful composer and violinist and assistant concertmaster at the Salzberg court.
5. Smart, Mary Ann. Mimomania : music and gesture in nineteenth-century opera. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2004.
In 1984 Andrew Lloyd Webber, transformed the original The Phantom of the Opera novel (written in 1911 by Gaston Leroux) into a dialogic, emotional masterpiece. The prologue starts at the end of the story, in an auction in the Paris Opera House, in 1905. Raoul, the Vicomte de Chagny is buying a papier-mâché music box,
In Dido and Aeneas, Dido, a widowed queen, expresses her love for Aeneas, a Trojan hero. He reciprocates the feelings but is destined to sail away to become the founder of Rome. The opera results in her committing suicide because of this. Both plots do encompass similar topics such as love and death. Since both operas were written in the Baroque period they do share that similarity and characteristics in the music style of that period. Italy was highly influential in the operas style because it was the birthplace of opera. Baroque operas were generally based on Greek legends or Roman history which fits in with the plots of the two operas.
The Renaissance and Baroque era entailed very different characteristics, due to the Renaissance composers writing more freely and being more individual then those of the Baroque era where they followed more ‘rules’ and experimented less. This essay will show the difference in two pieces by different composers, even though they were written less than a century apart.
They used similar plots involving a hero and usually some sort of conflict of human passions, and these operas were often based on a story from an ancient Greek or Latin Author. The opera always consisted of three acts with alternating recitatives and arias. To show the virtuosic skill of the singer, cadenzas were used within arias. The action was created from the dialogue within the recitatives,
The main objective in the performance of Renaissance music is that everything done by the singer is subservient to the text. Musicians of the Renaissance were fixated on the concept of music serving the text. Composers set poems to text attempting to imitate natural speech and inflection pattern in the rhythms of the music, and wished to write the music in such a way that the words could be understood. Singers should strive toward clear diction, making sure their vowel shapes and ornamentation do not obscure the text.
The Baroque Period (1600-1750) was mainly a period of newly discovered ideas. From major new innovations in science, to vivid changes in geography, people were exploring more of the world around them. The music of the baroque period was just as extreme as the new changes. Newly recognized composers such as Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, and Monteverdi were writing entirely new musical ideas and giving a chance for new voices to be heard that were normally not thought of sounds. Their musical legacy is still recognized today, and is a treasured discovery of outstanding compositions being reiterated with every performance of them.