CHAPTER 1 Justice and Science Written Assignment
Q.1 The system of science and the law have two different purpose. Summarize these in your words.
Ans. The purpose of science and law are completely different from each other. As science is responsible for making us understand the natural world. Science is completely based on data and concepts which are together called scientific methods. Where law serves as system to find the truth via fair trial and decision of judge or jury.
Q.2 What type of incident was the most important in driving the initial development of forensic science?
Ans. The incident that acted as a driving force in the development of forensic science was the discovery of Locard’s exchange principal which was evolved from
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Mathieu Orfila (1847-1915) Spanish, French toxicologist was a forensic specialist as he worked and mastered his skills in forensic toxicology and solved many case of the same.
Calvin Goddard (1891-1955) American scientist who worked in the field of firearm and developed systematic examination system for identification and classification of firearms.
Q.4 List the forensic scientists that were involved in the early development of fingerprints. What made fingerprint so important to forensic science at the turn of the 20th century?
Ans. Fingerprints were used since 18th century as a mode of identification from one individual to another. Many famous scientists were involved in early development of the same. Following are some of them.
1. Victor Balthazard (1852-1950), French
Showed the uniqueness of fingerprints. His probability model showed that chances of same fingerprints are 1060 in different individuals.
2. Alphonse Bertillion (1853-1914), French
He was first scientist to solve a murder case using fingerprints in Europe.
3. Sir Fancies Galton (1822-1911), English
He started collecting thumbprints in 1888. He was the person who actually developed the first classification system for fingerprints which was later used by British government. Galton also showed the different patterns of finger prints like whorl, arch and loop. Fingerprints became important at the turn of 20th century because of there uniqueness as discovered by
scientific law enforcement in his creation of a mass fingerprint file in 1926 and the
For over a century fingerprints have been one of the most used tools of forensic science. Fingerprints have been used to identify criminals of small crimes
An opportunity opened new doors for Edmond Locard to broaden the techniques future criminalists would use to solve a case. Lydon police department offered Edmond Locard an opportunity to form the first laboratory where physical evidence was kept and were scientifically examined to help solving cases. In the year of 1912, the first laboratory was recognized and the first forensic laboratory was officially formed and opened. Not only did Edmond Locard published over 40 pieces of work, but also passed the bar in 1907 and formed the first forensic laboratory where he began to study more in depth the area of finger print analysis. Soon after the forensic laboratory was formed, Edmond Locard developed the study of fingerprints.
There are many scientists that have contributed to forensic science and one of them is Dr Edmond Locard born in Lyon, France on 13 December 1877 and passed on 4 April 1966. At Lyon, France Dr. Locard took up studies in law and medicine and received his degree in 1902. While doing his studies he also became the assistant of a criminologist by the name of Alexandre Lacassagne who was also at the time a professor. Locard did that until 1910 when he eventually began establishment of his criminal laboratory. Then Locard became the founder and director of the Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons in France after persuading the Police Department of Lyon to provide him with the necessary people and space to establish what later would
Forensic science can be defined as the relationship between law and science; it answers the questions of how, why and who committed the crime, with the input of multiple actors. However, there are currently problems with
samples of an individual’s fingerprint’s can be lifted from a crime scene. The breakthrough of
Fingerprinting was still in the process of being developed. A classification scheme appeared in 1901 and first used in a trial in the UK in 1902. Dental records were non-existent and blood grouping only developed after the identification of the different types in 1901. From that it became possible to serologically identify other body fluids. DNA was not discovered until 1953 and the unique identification of individuals by DNA profiling did not follow until 1985. In 1910, an important principle of forensic science was established by Edmund Locart who suggested that every contact leaves a trace; a criminal will always carry away with him some trace from the scene of the crime and will leave behind some trace of his presence. This is the very foundation of forensic science that has led to the
A segment of the Forensic Science in the Criminal equity organization that the vast majority acquainted with these days, however, few individuals know how this particular science came to be. Overall, legal science is intended to utilize experimental standards to clarify obscure parts of a wrongdoing. Through the utilization of uncommon tests and lab gear that permits researchers to recognize decisively different parts of a bit of confirmation in an illegal behavior. On the off chance that you occupied with finding out about how this procedure came to fruition, you have to peruse the recorded data underneath. Here is a brief history
He established police hiring standards and set up a crime lab, a records bureau, and a prevention unit concerned with juvenile delinquency. He formed a vice squad and put a stop to an epidemic of bank robberies and auto thefts. A prototype of today’s minimum-security prison farm was built to his specifications and also he did Dna research. Early work focused on things like ballistics, photography, hair samples, blood work, clothing fibers, paint chips, and tire treads while his experiences at the academy and the police field.
“Fingerprint recognition is one of the divorce inference using the impressions made by the minute ridge formations or patterns found on the fingertips. No two people have exactly the same arrangement of the ridge patterns, and the remaining patterns of any one individual unchanged. Fingerprints infallible provide a means of personal identification. Other personal characteristics may change, but not fingerprints”. (1)
According to Jain Anil, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications and though Bertillon’s anthropometry raised many valid points in forensic science, it was discarded and replaced by the fingerprint identification method after Bertillon’s death 1914.
The next significant advancement in fingerprinting was achieved by an Englishman, Dr. Henry Faulds, who created a fingerprint classification method and suggested using printers’ ink to obtain quality fingerprints (The History of Fingerprints). Perhaps the most important advancement in fingerprinting came in 1892, when a British Anthropologist, Sir Francis Galton, published the book Fingerprints. For a while it had been thought that no two fingerprints were identical. However, Galton became the first to scientifically prove this, as well as the fact that fingerprints remain unchanged throughout a person’s life (The History of Fingerprints). It was these two facts that made fingerprinting the preferred method of identification.
Every time somebody touches something, they leave behind a unique signature that forever links them to that object. This link is their fingerprints, which are unique to every person, for no two people have the same set, not even family members or identical twins. Palms and toes also leave prints behind, but these are far less commonly found during crime scene investigations. Therefore, fingerprints provide an identification process that is applicable to background checks, biometric security, mass disaster identification, and most importantly, crime scene investigations. Fingerprints are so differentiated because they are made up of distinct patterns of ridges and furrows on the fingers. The ridges are the “raised” portions of the prints, and the furrows are the “recessed” portions. This perceived uniqueness has led some people to falsely accept fingerprint analysis as absolute scientific fact. Although overall fingerprints are reliable, there are definitely situations where their accuracy can come into question.
Fingerprinting is used for many things, such as a robbery, or at a crime scene. Fingerprints were first discovered in 1870 by Alphonse Bertillon, who was a French anthropologist. In 1892, Juan Vucetich had made the first criminal report using a fingerprint. In 1905 America used fingerprints for identification. When America started using fingerprints for identification they had to match the fingerprints manually when needed. When technology was able to enter fingerprints, and match them with anonymous ones, it helped identification immensely.
The final main biometric technology used is fingerprint recognition. This is definitely the most widely used biometric technology. This type of biometric has been used for many, many years. Because of this, fingerprint recognition has been known as the most primary and accurate identification method used to identify a person. The modern fingerprint recognition is all done electronically. There are two main ways of analyzing fingerprints electronically. The first plots points on the ridges of a person’s fingers that enable the computer to compare to different fingerprints. The second method uses patterns of a fingerprint