The Smooth Er's Membrane

“Here is Rocky Endos the Rough E.R. There are ribosomes built up on her surface and it makes the surface look rough they work on the production and export of proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.”

Mr. K. B’s kidneys should be compensating for his fluid losses and electrolytes by excreting more acids and

One of the main manufacturing facilities within a cell. Consists of rough ER and smooth ER, they are physically connected but differ in structure. Consist of membrane-enclosed tubes and sacs within the cytoplasm. Rough ER, named for the ribosomes attached to its surface, make membrane and secretory proteins. One function of rough ER is to produce new membrane. Some products by rough ER are dispatched to other locations by transport vesicles.

Rough ER - looks rough on the surface because it is stubbed with very small organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and are the site of protein synthesis.

The endoplasmic reticulum is specialised for protein processing and lipid biosynthesis. One of its primary functions is to regulate the ionic concentration in the cytoplasm via the movement of Ca2+, via ionic pumps and channels. It also contains enzymes responsible for the metabolising of drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can come in two forms. As depicted in Fig. 2 Rough ER has ribosomes present as part of the membrane of the organelle, and together with these ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and synthesises proteins destined for attachment to cell membranes. It is in the lumen of the rough ER that the proteins are folded into the specific three dimensional shapes that are so important for biochemical recognition and linking sites [6]. It is called rough because of the presence of ribosomes makes the surface of the membrane look rough, unlike smooth ER, which lacks the ribosomes so the membrane looks smooth. Rough ER is composed of a large but convoluted flattened sac. The main function of the smooth ER is the production of lipids and the metabolism of compounds (such as the breakdown of glycogen into glucose). Because of the different functions between the rough and smooth ER, different specialised cells will have different amounts of each; for example, hepatic

It moves through the cell membrane to a set location. It marks proteins with a signal

There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can distinguish that both of the ER’s are different to each other, this is shown in the diagram above that one is smooth ER and the other is rough ER the rough ER has ribsomes attracted to it while the smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. The two ER’s have different function to each other.

drugs increase the smooth ER in cells, which increases the detoxification rate, which increases a person’s tolerance to a drug. Which means that a person would have to increase the dosage each time in order to get the same original effect. The increase of the smooth ER as a result of abusing a drug can lead to increased tolerance of other useful drugs, such as antibiotics. Storing calcium ions is another function of the smooth ER. These calcium ions can be used to trigger the contraction of muscle cells by being pumped in and out of the ER lumen. The release of calcium ions can also stimulate other responses in different cell types, like secreting new protein vesicles. A function of the rough ER is to make phospholipids and membranes and for

To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant and animal cells.

A model cell was made of a visking tube filled with ‘cell contents’. The cell contents represent the cytoplasm of a cell structure membrane. The visking tube represents the plasma membrane of the cell. It acts as a semi-permeable barrier as

The main function of the smooth ER is to produce cellular products like hormones and lipids. Also releasing and regulating calcium, ions and processes toxins. It distributes hormones and lipids throughout the cells and to specific places in an organism. It is described as 'smooth' to distinguish it from rough ER, which has ribosome's for protein synthesis on its

are covalently attached to the surface of the membrane are loosely associated with the surface of the membrane may penetrate the membrane partially never interact with the surface of the membrane All of the following can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion EXCEPT? O2 ethanol CO2 glucose All of the following factors affect membrane fluidity EXCEPT? temperature cholesterol cis/trans-configuration of double bonds all of the above affect membrane fluidity Which of the following is true when comparing facilitated diffusion to simple diffusion? facilitated diffusion does not occur down a concentration gradient, only simple diffusion does facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion energy in facilitated diffusion is supplied

Ribosomes are the structures in which proteins are made. Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often crowded with ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. Some ribosomes are attached to the membranes, and some are free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are among the smallest of organelles. They are no larger than 25 nanometers in diameter. A nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter.

The Transport of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane or, the cell surface membrane, is made almost entirely of protein and lipid. The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell. It is partially permeable so some substances cross more easily than others.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)