The Rate Of Cesarean Deliveries

The author is a nurse in a level two trauma facility in a community of approximately fifty thousand people in Oregon. The community is a college-town surrounded by a large agricultural area. There is a minimal ethnic diversity within the community. The diversity present occurs mainly from internationally students and faculty from the college. There is a growing population of women who desire low interventional births in the community. The author has worked on the labor and delivery unit of the hospital for the last 14 years. The hospital is the only one in the area to offer trial of labor services to women who have previously undergone a cesarean section. The unit on average experiences around 1000 deliveries annually.

Thirty-Five Native American tribes exist in Washington State. The Tulalip tribe resides in Marysville, Washington bordering the town that I live in. The Tulalip Tribes are the state’s second largest tribal group. In the past Cascade Midwives & Birth center, where I plan to practice my skills, has conducted mini prenatal clinics for expectant Tulalip mothers. While, in recent years it has not been as prevalent. Midwives have been integral for many underprivileged women to get quality healthcare throughout pregnancy. These women are typically marginalized in society but can be well served by midwives. Midwives are less threatening and believe in informal consent, they allow people to make their own decisions. This helps avoid the stigma of a

The sheer diversity of the microbiota means that bodily disorders associated with the gut region (encompassing the stomach and intestines) are difficult to diagnose, and even harder to find the source of the disorder. Intestinal Bowel Disease (IBD) is a large category of bodily disorders associated with the gut. IBD most commonly manifests itself in two forms – Crohn’s Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis [1]. Crohn’s disease is arguably a more severe form of the disease, as the diseased tissue tends to go deeper into the intestines. Ulcerative Colitis, while still very detrimental and pain causing, causes inflammation of tissue at more of the surface level. The diseases affects a significant portion of the population, with a high rate of new cases discovered - between 20,000 and 100,000 people are diagnosed with types of IBD annually in North America [1]. The role of the microbiota in inducing intestinal diseases has been suspected.

Shortly after birth, a baby’s stomach is lined with intestinal bacteria called microbiota, and it’s supposed to remain there for the rest of this organism’s life span. In humans lower intestines there are billions of bacteria with almost 2000 different species that are

The growth in presence of midwives in both Indigenous and non-indigenous communities is increasing, indicating the overall difference in experience between what would be defined as “natural” birth and what western medicine dictates as “normal” birth. Though, this does not include the use of “assisted” birth during emergency situations, which is sometimes the case even with midwife patients (Green, 2017). But, this experience gives the mother an ally especially through emergency situations, which is related through both Dorothy Green and Kim Anderson’s experiences; Anderson whose first pregnancy needed to be terminated was assisted by an Indigenous birthing center to ensure that she would be able to bury the remains of her child, which is needed for both closure and ceremony (2006). Similarly, Green had to fight to make Indigenous medicine and options known in the hospital, to ensure that her patients were returned the pieces of their birthing process they needed to move forward and perform ceremony (2017). The use of traditional teachings, especially in an event as sacred as birthing, helps to heal Indigenous communities and families, and a healthy community leads to healthy identities of mothers.

The article “Some of My Best Friends are Germs,” by Michael Pollen was a very interesting and informative read. Pollen explains that our bodies house 100s of trillions of microbes. More than 99 percent of our genetic information is microbial. The large number of bacteria that inhabits us weighs many pounds, forming a massive, unexplored world that scientists are just starting to document. These bacteria affect our health as much as if not more than the genes we receive from our parents.

These social disadvantages directly relate to dispossession and are characterized by poverty and powerlessness, and are reflected in education, Racism and discrimination are directly associated with poorer health outcome which again links up with the dangers of c-section and even general vaginal birth (Pharmaceutical society of Australia, 2014). Aboriginal and Torres strait islander mothers find c-section birth to be more preferred as it doesn’t risk the mother and child, but this is not always the case (Baby Care, 2018). About 1 in 12 women get an infection, such as cellulitis, abdominal abscess, thrush, urinary tract and bladder infection after having a c-section birth (D. R. Wilson, 2018). Indigenous mothers are more likely to develop these infections. These infections could be easily being treated by the consumption of antibiotics. Communication between researchers is found to be highly effective, as more and more mothers in indigenous communities and other communities are being more aware and notified about the effects of c-section birth to the child and mother. The samples collected back up the researcher’s statements and provide the public about how this can be improved. Without communication between researchers, lack of knowledge would increase and so will the rate of c-section births in remote communities and private hospital. Lack of medical equipment would also increase in remote communities which will indeed result in an increased rate of deaths in indigenous

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

Overall, all articles reviewed by Simmonds et al (2012) led them to support the need to provide culturally appropriate maternity services to Aboriginal women and led the investigators to underpin a research question that I considered feasible, interesting, ethical and relevant to midwifery and obstetric practice.

-Race or ethnicity: Historically, minority populations in the United States have had higher rates of preterm delivery. In 2007, non-Hispanic White women accounted for the lowest number of preterm births in the United States, accounting for only 11.5% of all preterm births (MacDorman, 2011). In contrast, non-Hispanic Blacks, Puerto Ricans, American Indians and Hispanic women had preterm birth levels of 18.3%, 14.5%, 13.9% and 12.3% respectively (MacDorman, 2011). The Asian minority had the lowest risk at 10.9% (MacDorman, 2011). Some studies have attributed such significant differences to racial disparities in resources and health care (Dominguez, 2008; Vanderbilt & Wright, 2013). However, other studies such as Menon’s et al, which looked at differences in White versus Black women, suggest that racial disparities in preterm birth may

In the United States, the process of childbirth is far more dangerous for African American women than it is for White women. For African American women, the path to a healthy birth is riddled with barriers. There are many health disparities between the two races. African American women face much higher low-birth and infant mortality rates; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published that although infant mortality rates in the U.S. have dropped by over 10% in the past ten years, a large gap continues to exist between the health of the races during the entire childbirth process. (World Health Organization, 2010) In the United States, Black infants are more than twice as likely to die within the first year of life as a White infant, and this disparity has not seen advancements in the last century. Many of these deaths can be attributed to low birth weight, and preterm birth among black infants.

Gut microbiota changes in our body from birth to old age. The fetal intestinal tract is sterile until birth, after which the newborn tract begins to be colonized. Infants are exposed to a great variety of microorganisms from different environments during and immediately after birth, either in their encounter with their maternal vagina or by the cutaneous microorganisms depending on the type of delivery. Infants have lower intestinal bacteria counters with less diversity in the early weeks of life. Different method of feeding influences the microbiota. Until 2-3 years old, microbiota become similar to the adult microbiota. After that, it becomes stable until old age. Genetic factors such as obesity influence the development of gut microbiota.

The provision of culturally appropriate care involves meeting the expectations of diverse groups of clients by identifying, respecting and promoting their individual cultural characteristics and practices. (Grewal:291) In the context of maternal health care, cultural safety has significant implications for health care accessibility for immigrant women, whose identities represent myriad cultures.

Firstly, culturally safe maternity care for Indigenous women in Australia. Marginalised attitudes and insufficient understanding by health practitioners concerning Indigenous women’s cultural needs, places them and their infants at risk. Due to cultural beliefs, services provided by men for Ingenious women causes shame and distress , furthermore, other cultural beliefs and ceremonies linked to their land and the need to have their other children close by have not been taken into consideration (Kruske & Barclay, 2008, p.75). The obligation of providing equity in maternity care must include culturally safe protocols that ensure the service user feels physically, emotionally, spiritually and socially safe, and is crucial for Indigenous

Microbes are everywhere, in the environment, in the food we eat and the air we breathe, meaning that they are also a huge part of the human body, and without them we would not survive. Despite microbes only being 1% to 3% of human body mass, there are 100 million microbial cells distributed throughout the human body, which is ten times more than human cells (society for general microbiology, 2015), and includes 22 different phyla and 10,000 different species (Contie, 2009). The entire microbial population in a human body is referred to as the human microbiota (Huttenhower, 2012). These microbes are acquired by an individual, not directly inherited, from the very early days after birth (Mundasad,