The Pros And Cons Of Fed's Monetary Policies

The Federal Reserve has three tools to help maintain and make changes within money supply and policies. The first tool and most popular tool is open market operations. The Reserve uses this instrument to regulate the rate of federal funds within the system, which is merely the rate in which banks borrow reserves from other banks. With this tool, they can alter the interest rates and amount of money on the open market. Therefore, the Reserve can essentially control the total money stream, whether that is expanding and contracting it.

The Federal Reserve was established as the Central bank of the United States in late 1913. Commonly referred to as “the Fed,” it is responsible for managing currency, money supply, and interest rates (Lecture, 10/6). While the bank is given much autonomy over its actions, it is not independent from the US government in that the legislature is responsible for allowing the Federal Reserve to act freely, and elected officials appoint central bankers. These are two primary mechanisms for keeping the Fed in check, insuring that it is acting in the nation’s best interest (O, 286). Countries with central banks that are independent from their governments tend

Our nation is still on shaky ground since the most recent panic, as I’m sure you are already aware. We all suffered its aftershocks. Many of us lost our jobs, lost our money, and lost our livelihoods. As much as nobody wants to admit, filthy rich moneylenders like the late Mr. J. P. Morgan are the reason we’re not still in a panic now (Strouse 6). Still, with the economy as it is currently, the next panic is not that far away - and it could be worse. The only way to stabilize the economy and prevent any further economic failure is to pass President Wilson’s new bill. Sign my petition saying that you pledge your support for the Federal Reserve Act. This act will ensure that we don't ever have to suffer through panics or bankruptcy ever again.

The adherence to the gold standard, which joined countries around the world in a fixed currency exchange, helped spread the Depression from the United States throughout the world, especially in Europe. In the fall of 1930, the first of four waves of banking panics began, as large numbers of investors lost confidence in the solvency of their banks and demanded deposits in cash, forcing banks to liquidate loans in order to supplement their insufficient cash reserves on hand. Bank runs swept the United States again in the spring and fall of 1931 and the fall of 1932, and by early 1933 thousands of banks had closed their doors. In the face of this dire situation, Hoover’s administration tried supporting failing banks and other institutions with government loans; the idea was that the banks in turn would loan to businesses, which would be able to hire back their employees. (History.com) During the first phase of the Great Depression, the U.S.

Before the Great Depression began in the United States in 1929, President Woodrow Wilson created a very critical sector to the financial aspect of government, the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve was created to act as a central bank that would oversee the monetary funds and “reserves,” of the country, as well as manage the banks and implement certain economic policies. Although some policies were deemed successful, bank failures during the 1920’s and 30’s were essentially unsuccessful as a result of Federal Reserve mismanagement. This mismanagement further worsened the economy during the Great Depression as it increased the amount of debt and bankruptcy, all while failing to resolve the deflation issue.

The Fed, established in 1913, has several main functions that include: establishing monetary policy, regulating smaller banking institutions, and finding ways to create financial stability. There are several reasons that these responsibilities need to remain out of the hands of politicians. The economic rule that economics and politics do not mix well because of their differing focuses, the differing goals of the two bodies, and the inconsistency of politicians in Congress

The gold standard regulated the quantity and growth rate of the nation’s money supply. The Federal Reserve was charged with the duty of regulating the inflow and outflow of gold by increasing or decreasing the discount rate. The discount rate is the interest rate the Fed charges depository banks that borrow reserves from it. An outflow of gold meant an increase in the money supply and this was triggered by a decrease in the discount rate. On the other hand an inflow implied an increase in the discount rate and hence a restriction of the money supply. The activities of the Federal Reserve with regard to the gold standard were to be in accordance with all other countries on the standard such as the United Kingdom in other for the system to work effectively.

The group worked around the clock, grappling with questions such as who would own the central bank, how many institutions it would contain, and how open market operations would be conducted (Diaz-Unzalu and Maze). In December 1913, the Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System to remedy the conditions underlying the money crisis that had overwhelmed the countries financial crisis for many years. Congress has amended the act several times since to develop the Fed's ability to foster a sound financial system and a healthy economy. Today, many economists are critical of the Fed’s decisions in the early 1930s because they believe the decisions made by the FED’s, declining to make loans to banks based on poor business decisions of the banks, increased the severity of the Great Depression (Hubbard, R. G., and O’Brien,

In an instant, a single organization, with minimal government oversight, can influence entire markets and monetary supply of the country with the largest economy in the world. The United States founding fathers established a government system to distribute certain powers of the federal government to particular branches that have checks and balances in place to assure efficiency and openness among its divisions. One may assume that the organization that controls the monetary supply of an economic powerhouse of a country would have strong oversight and control over the policies they carry out. The Federal Reserve, also referred to as The Fed, has a purpose, as a central bank, to protect and control the fiscal system of the United States to create a safer lending and borrowing market for private citizens, businesses, and the federal government. Americans perceive the Fed as an extremely powerful organization. Some have asserted, including Hillary Clinton’s spokesman, Jesse Ferguson, that “The Federal Reserve is a vital institution for our economy and the well-being of our middle class” (qtd. in Shapiro 7). Unfortunately, Federal Reserve financial policies have become detrimental to the growth of the national economy and the dollar, therefore, congressional actions against the Federal Reserve Bank are a necessity to avoid continuation of instability in both US and world markets.

Over the past few years we have realized the impact that the Federal Government has on our economy, yet we never knew enough about the subject to understand why. While taking this Economics course it has brought so many things to our attention, especially since we see inflation, gas prices, unemployment and interest rates on the rise. It has given us a better understanding of the effect of the Government on the economy, the stock market, the interest rates, etc. Since the Federal Government has such a control over our Economy, we decided to tackle the subject of the Federal Reserve System and try to get a better understanding of the history, the structure, and the monetary policy of the power that it holds.

In the event that the American individuals really saw how the Federal Reserve framework functions and what it has done to us, they would be shouting for it to be nullified promptly. It is a framework that was composed by global brokers for the advantage of worldwide investors, and it is methodically devastating the American individuals. The Federal Reserve framework is the essential motivation behind why the cash has declined in worth by well more than 95 percent and the national obligation has become more than 5000 times bigger in the course of recent years. The Fed makes the "blasts" and the "busts", and they

Morgan, one of America’s millionaires at the time whose net worth equaliviates to billions in today's money, helped bail out the banks and kept the economy from going into a downward tailspin. In other terms, the Federal Reserve was created to loan banks money as J.P. Morgan did after the panic of 1907. This lead to the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913. According to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve’s responsibilities fall into four general areas. The Fed’s first responsibility is to conduct the nation's monetary policy by influencing money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices. During the Great depression, the Fed failed to complete their first responsibility as unemployment nearly tripled from 1929 to 1930 and by 1933 the unemployment rate was nearly eight times higher than it was in 1929. The Fed also failed to maintain stable prices as the dollar was deflated ten percent at one point during the Great Depression. Rising unemployment and high deflation of the dollar shows during the Great Depression shows that the Fed failed its first area of

The Great Depression was the single most devastating economic catastrophe that had resounding effects and consequences on people all over the world. Did the various expansionary monetary policies employed by the Fed help the US pull out of the Great Depression during the Hoover administration? What was done differently after Roosevelt became president? Many economists and historians have argued that the misguided monetary policies during the Hoover administration including the mistiming of interest hike, allowance of the decrease in national money supply and reluctance in expansionary monetary policies due to the maintenance of the gold standard were contributive to the length and severity of the Great Depression. Several estimates from various models have suggested that the mistakes made in the monetary policies during the same period contributed to around 20 to 70% of the decline in real output during the Hoover administration (Fishback, 2010, pg 386). After the Roosevelt administration took control in 1933, recovery began primarily due to the abandonment of the gold standard and the appointment of Eugene Black as the Chair of the Federal Reserve. This argument is backed by numerous case studies, economic models, and research papers. Researching these two questions would provide a deeper insight into some of the monetary policies implemented today and also make sure that history doesn’t repeat itself. Facts presented below supports the argument on how the Fed’s monetary

Additionally, when America’s economy was melting in 2008, the Federal Reserve played a big role to stabilize it. Besides the Great Depression during the years 1929 through 1939 the worst economic time for the United States, 2008 was unmistakable one of the worst years of America’s economy history. When this economic recession was taking place, the Fed had to take action to avoid another depression and to stop a fall from the financial system. With the help of the Federal Reserve J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.’s they planned to help Bear Stearns (an investment bank) with financial assistance to help the government to buyout AIG, a well-known insurance company. This helped to produce a strategy targeting to stabilize the credit market and also the short-term interest rate from 45% to almost 0 from the benchmark (Coste). Thanks to the Federal Reserve and their well design plan to avoid another recession they prevented the economy of the world or better known as Macroeconomic system from falling and getting it

After the Revolutionary War, many of the country’s citizens were in great debit and there was widespread economic disruption. The country was in need of an economic overhaul and the new country’s leaders would need to decide how to do this to ensure the new country did not fall apart. After two unsuccessful attempts at a national banking system, the Federal Reserve System was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. Since its inception, the Federal Reserve System has evolved into a central banking system that grows with the country. The Federal Reserve System provides this country with a central bank that is able to pursue consistent monetary policies. My goal in this paper is to help the reader to understand why the Federal