The Pioneering Experiments Performed By Hubel And Wiesel

Procedure: Using distilled water, premeasured containers and objects determine displacement of fluids and density of objects. Use ice and heat measure temperatures in Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

C. An unknown, rectangular substance measures 3.6 cm high, 4.21 cm long, and 1.17 cm wide.

Fig. __ Feed-forward projections from the eyes to the brain and topographic mapping. In each eye the visual field on the left and right of the fovea (the cut goes right through the fovea!) projects to different cortical hemispheres: the ipsilateral retina projects to the ipsilateral visual cortex, and the contralateral retina crosses the contralateral cortex (hemifield crossing in the optic chiasma). The first synapse of the retinal ganglion cells is in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), but information from the left (L) and right (R) eye remains strictly separated. The LGN consists of six layers, layers 1 and 2 are primarily occupied by the magnocellular pathway, and 3–6 by the parvocellular. Information from both eyes comes first together

John Brown, born and raised in Virginia by Joe and Nancy, was a slave often called by the name of Fed. Being born into slavery John was under the ownership of many masters throughout his life. When his master Thomas Stevens fell ill, John’s real problems begin. Dr. Thomas Hamilton treated Thomas Stevens and so a moral debt was owed. Master Stevens offered Dr. Hamilton any favor he may ask. Dr. Hamilton needed a subject to be part of his experiments. No details were given to Stevens who did not bother to ask anyway. John Brown was in no position to decline such request but he was not given the details of his participation in these experiments regardless. The first experiment was part of Dr. Hamilton’s research to find a remedy for sun-strokes. Dr. Hamilton tested his

During World War II, Nazi doctors did many types of experiments on the Jews at concentration camps. The German doctors performed experiments without permission in which the Jews suffered emotionally, physically, and many died. Eventually, the doctors who performed these experiments were prosecuted; however, many Jews suffered and died due to the type of experiments being conducted on them (Tyson).

The Little Albert experiment has become a famous case study that has been discussed by a plethora of professionals in the psychology industry. In 1920, behaviorist John Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner began to conduct the first experiment that had been done with a child. Watson and Rayner chose Albert because they thought he was stable; he was accustomed to a hospital environment due to his mother’s career as a wet nurse, he was healthy and showed little emotion. Stability played a major factor in choosing Albert for this case study because Watson wanted to ensure that they would do as little harm as possible with the experiment. The conditioning of Albert began with a series of emotional tests that became part of a routine in which Watson and Rayner were “determining whether fear reactions could be called out by other stimuli than sharp noises and the sudden removal of support” (-----). Watson’s method of choice for this experiment was using principles of classic conditioning to create a stimulus in children that would result in fear. Since Watson wanted to condition Albert, he used a variety of objects that would otherwise not scare him. These objects included white rat, dog, blocks, rabbit, fur coat, wool and a Santa Claus mask.

Ramachandran is helping to understand is the blindsight syndrome. Blindsight syndrome is when the person is completely blind, but can see. This is a rare syndrome seen in brain trauma patients. Graham Young has had this condition since he was eight years old, due to a horrific traffic accident. Graham can see to the left, but is unable to visualize anything on the right side. He is able to see an object move or the orientation of it, but cannot comprehend the object. Graham lacks the ability to be consciously aware of wait is being seen. People do not only just see objects, but they also interpret the information. According to Dr. Ramachandran, there are two ways the brain visualizes objects (Rawlene, 2014). The cerebral cortex pathway is from the eyeball through the thalamus to the visual cortex of the brain, which allows you to be visually conscious of what you are seeing (Rawlene, 2014). The other pathway to see is through the central core (Rawlene, 2014). The central core is located near the base of the stem of the brain, which is then transmitted to the visual cortex (Rawlene, 2014). The central core is closely related to lower life forms, such as a cat (Rawlene, 2014). This connection is more concern with the survival of the species and necessary reflexes (Rawlene, 2014). Blindsight syndrome happens when there is damage to just the cerebral cortex pathway. Graham Young‘s condition is a prime example of how the brain needs to

Laud Humphries' experiment, titled tearoom trade impersonal sex in public places. Humphries studied anonymous male-male sexual encounters in public restrooms. This practice was known as "tea-rooming. " According to page 33 in the textbook.

Alice Neel and Egon Schiele were some of the most daring artists of their time. Neel was especially known for her uncaring attitude of what was “in” at the time, while Egon Schiele was similarly known to paint some of the most bold nude figures of his time. Both painted what they wanted, not a thought towards what was socially acceptable. They both focused on painting people around them, or in Neel’s case, random people on the street, and Schiele was often compared to Picasso in his obsession with self-portraits. Either way, while Alice Neel and Egon Schiele were from opposite sides of the planet, they shared a remarkably similar style of painting and rendering of the subjects in those paintings.

Hoover WB, Vertes RP. Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Struct Funct. 2007;212(2):149-179.

According to current research there are about 800,000 ganglion cells in the human optic nerve (J.R. Anderson, 2009,pg. 35). The ganglion cells are where the first encoding of the visual information happens. Encoding is the process of recognizing the information and changing it into something one’s brains can understand and store. Each ganglion cell is dedicated to encoding information from a specific part of the retina. The optic nerve goes then to the visual cortex and the information enters the brain cells. There are two types of cells that are subcortical, or below the cortex; the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for understanding details and recognizing objects. The superior colliculus is responsible for understanding where objects are located spatially. This collection of cells working together is called the “what-where” distinction. The division of labor continues, as the information is further processes. The “what” information travels to the temporal cortex, the “where” information travels to the parietal regions of the brain.

While head trauma or tumors often induce the "psychic" blindness of these patients, a model has been developed in monkeys by removing all or part of the primary visual cortex. These monkeys are able to respond to visual inputs. They can be trained to touch illuminated bulbs rather than unlit ones and identify certain colors and patterns in order to obtain food. This phenomenon is believed to parallel human blindsight because when trained to respond differently according to whether there is a visual cue or not, these monkeys respond as if there were no cue when a visual input is presented to the blind field (1). It is therefore believed that these animals are able to respond to and identify features of a visual cue even though they do not report seeing it.

Background: Mammalian retina is a highly organized tissue that represents the complexity of the central nervous system. Retinal bipolar cells are one of the major types of neuron that can be further divided into more than 10 subtypes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic cues are important for specifying these subtypes, but the contribution of extrinsic cues is less clear. Our preliminary data indicates that Shh is necessary and sufficient to promote cone bipolar cell fate over rod bipolar cell fate through a non-cell autonomous mechanism. My research studies the autonomous role of Shh in retinal bipolar cell subtype development. Together these results

Normal vision occurs by a coordinated synthesis of the retinal images into a single brain image. If, however, one of the eyes does not transmit a coordinated or useful image the brain may choose to ignore this image when conducting its synthesis. The region of the

During their 20-year collaboration, Dr. Wiesel and Dr. Hubel also showed that sensory deprivation early in life can permanently alter the brain’s ability to process images, causing vision impairments. Their work was the first to demonstrate the existence of a “critical period” during which the brain must develop crucial connections to the eye.