The Oregon Health Services Commission

Voluntary treatment based on patient rights and their service quality. For example, respect the patient and the provider relationship, give patients decision right, have a treatment option, consent, and informed consent.

broad range of individual patients. The patient should be able to benefit maximally from the care he/she receives.

Health professionals quite often have to weigh p agreements over cost, the effectiveness of treatment and the benefit that patients gain from the proposed course of action.

The Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) is required by federal law to ensure federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are reimbursed no less than their Prospective Payment System (PPS) rate for services provided in the Medicaid and CHIP programs (42 U.S.C. 1396a).

This worldwide phenomenon has been brought into focus by various health care reforms and other system-level developments (Farrar, Ryan, Ross, and Ludbrook, 2000). Meaning there are more claims on resources than there are resources available, some form of priority setting must occur. This making resources are scarce and there is a need, regardless of how many resources are available in total, to make choices about what to fund and what not to fund.

May 4, 1980 the doors of The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) were open. After the passing of the Department of Education Organization Act of 1979 that cause for the removal of the education components from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). When the doors of HHS were open, the department was led by Patricia Roberts Harris. Ms. Harris was once the secretary of HEW but that all changed. The department started its first year off with 140,000 employees and a budget of $226 billion. HHS started off with the same structure of HEW, the only differences were the Education Division and the vocational rehabilitation program was removed.

The National Coalition on Health Care also known NCHC is an organization that helps healthcare system to achieve their goals and to improve health care in United States. They are the nonprofit company that represents more than 80 participating organizations like, medical societies, business, union healthcare providers, funds, insurer, etc. Besides, some of their current missions to improve the health care system are to increase resources for developing the culturally competent health and social services. Also, to change public and private sector policies to solve any issue, build and spread knowledge about health status and other health related information. In addition, they working on eliminating health disparities that occur based on

According to Utilitarianism, the action containing the greatest total happiness, regardless of perceived morality, is the right action. A key aspect of Utilitarianism is balancing pleasure over pain in order to increase total happiness (Cahn). For instance, 18% of all food stamps issued are used at Walmart. Additionally, many food stamp users are fully employed at corporations like Walmart

The Oklahoma Board of Nursing (OBN) provides information to the public about the services of the Board of Nursing (OBN, n.d.). The purpose of the OBN is to “safeguard the public’s health by ensuring that licensed nurses are qualified and competent to practice” (OBN, n.d.). The public has access to the OBN to inquire on current licensed nurses, Nurse Practice Act, and guidelines about nursing care (OBN, n.d.). The American Nurses Association (ANA) is the “only full-service professional organization” that represents registered nurses’ interest through associations and partners (ANA, 2014). Their mission is “nurses advancing our profession to improve health for all” (ANA, 2014). They promote nursing practice by setting high standards, promoting nurses’ rights, leading a realistic outlook of nursing, and “by lobbying the Congress and regulatory agencies on health care issues affecting nurses and the public” (ANA, 2014). The National League for Nursing (NLN) is an organization for any nursing-related faculty offering “faculty development programs, networking opportunities, testing and assessment, nursing research grants, and public policy” (NLN, 2013). Their mission is to “promote excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce to advance the nations health” (NLN, 2013).

Oklahoma’s leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Overall, Oklahoma ranks number 48 in having the highest amount of cardiovascular disease-related deaths. We are the third worst in the nation, only being beat by Alabama and Mississippi. (Americas Health Rankings, Oklahoma State Data, 2014) In 2013, Oklahoma had a total of 9,703 deaths from cardiovascular disease. Heart disease accounts for 29.6% of all deaths in Oklahoma. Overall, out of every 100,000 people who die in Oklahoma, 252 of those people died from cardiovascular disease. (Oklahoma State Department of Health, “Vital Statistics”,2013) In comparison, in 2009, the latest year recorded, California had a total of 58, 801 cardiac related deaths out of 231,764. The percentage

Against a background of increasing demands on limited resources, health economics is exerting an influence on decision making at all levels of health care. Health economics seeks to facilitate decision making by offering an explicit decision making framework based on the principle of efficiency. It is not the only consideration but it is an important one and practitioners will need to have an understanding of its basic principles and how it can impact on clinical decision making.

As a philosophical approach, utilitarianism generally focuses on the principle of “greatest happiness”. According to the greatest happiness principle, actions that promote overall happiness and pleasure are considered as right practices. Moreover, to Mill, actions which enhance happiness are morally right, on the other hand, actions that produce undesirable and unhappy outcomes are considered as morally wrong. From this point of view we can deduct that utilitarianism assign us moral duties and variety of ways for maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain to ensure “greatest happiness principle”. Despite all of moral duties and obligations, utilitarian perspective have many specific challenges that pose several serious threats which

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that has long been the subject of philosophical debate. This theory, when practiced, appears to set a very basic guideline to follow when one is faced with a moral dilemma. Fundamental Utilitarianism states that when a moral dilemma arises, one should take action that causes favorable results or reduces less favorable results. If these less favorable results, or pain, occur from this action, it can be justified if it is produced to prevent more pain or produce happiness. Stating the Utilitarian view can summarize these basic principles: "the greatest good for the greatest number". Utilitarians are to believe that if they follow this philosophy, that no matter what action they take, it

Utilitarianism is the argument that all actions must be made for the greatest happiness for the greater number of people (Bentham, 42). However, utilitarianism cannot always be the basis of one’s decisions due to the fact that people need to look out for their own pain and pleasure before consulting others’ wellbeing. I will first explain the arguments of the utilitarianism ideal. Then I willl explain why this argument is unconvincing. Ultimately, I will then prove why people consider their own happiness before considering others. Thus showing the utilitarianism view is implausible due to the need for people to consider their own happiness when making decisions or else they themselves will be experiencing the most pain and unhappiness.

Cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses are forms of economic evaluation which are useful in health economics for comparing costs and allocating resources. Health economics is widely relevant to governments and the health sector in implementation of new policy, as it concerns the allocation of resources in the context of a limited budget, or 'scarcity'. Economic evaluation is a potential tool for setting priorities in health, though it is only one of many potential criteria, including overall budget and public attitudes and wants. Economic evaluation is already in use in some settings, such as in pharmaceutical company proposals for government subsidisation, but there is room for expansion across the field of