The OSI Model and The Pony Express Essay example

2. The OSI model is not directly implemented in networking and often the distinction between the layers will blur in implementation. Why does it endure despite these

A communications protocol characterizes the guidelines for sending pieces of information starting with one hub in a system then onto the next hub. Conventions are regularly characterized in a layered way and give all or part of the administrations indicated by a layer of the OSI reference show. A convention characterizes the operation of the convention and may likewise propose how the convention ought to be actualized. It comprises of three sections:

The OSI Model is a model is used to define how data is theoretically passed on a network. Each layer is responsible and has its own duties for a network. The name of layer 3 in the OSI is the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for creating the paths for the transmission of data across the network. This layer provides routing and switching capabilities, as well as, internetworking, congestion control, and packet sequencing (Beal, 1999).

The fifth layer is the session layer this establishes a connection,this layer makes and sets up the connection using co ordinates and could terminate conversations links. the session layer produces services that make authentication after an interruption and not only that but it can reconnect.and as well as the transporting layer it can also have the TCP and the UDP can provide services for all most all applications.An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking; the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications

As we all know, the growth of computer networks continues to rapidly grow. The digital revolution has changed the way we work and communicate almost beyond recognition. Provided that, foreseeing the changes and potential compatibility problems, in the mid nineteen eighties, the international standard organization (ISO) developed a networking reference model to standardize how network systems communicate with each other. It is a logical model for how network systems are supposed to communicate with each other. It breaks down the different components of the network communication and puts them into layers which reduce complexity. This reference model consists of seven layers: Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and the Physical Layer. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification and then communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other computers. It's important to realize, that these layers are separated into 2 sets: Transportation Set (Laters 1- 4) and Application Set (Layers 5 – 7). More importantly, the OSI model is 7 logical

In the years before the addition of railroad systems to the West, stagecoaches would make up a large portion of trade and travel routes. Wagons pulled by mules and other animals would contribute to the success of mining and military operations. Mail would also be delivered using these methods, though the slowness of it eventually led to the founding of the pony express. Although expensive to utilize, the pony express was an example of efficient and organized work. Coaches would, for a short time, pass between smaller towns until dying off in the presence of railroads.

A: OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. The main aim of the OSI layer is to implement protocols of a networking framework.

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the

The term "Pony Express" recieved its' name because mail was delivered by horses traveling for hundreds of miles. Only 180 men were hired for this very important job. The route of the Pony Express stretched from Missouri to California. Obstacles encountered were the drastic changes of weather. Sandy deserts, ridgid mountains, and grassy plains were few types of the different landscapes. Nearly

The Era of 1800 to 1860 proved to be some of the most technologically advanced years of the 19th century. This Era saw a rapid technological change in communications, travel. Through these advances helped the United States grow and prosper. Communication was now possible from the most populated to the least populated areas of the country. Telegraph wires stretched from north to south and east to west. The introduction of the Pony Express allowed the physical movement of mail from the east to as far west as California and as far North as Wyoming. Transportation was at its heyday, via water, rail or land, people moved across the country faster than any other time in history. This era showed

The Transcontinental Railroad was one of the most ambitious engineering projects, economic stimulants, and efficient methods of transportation in the early United States. If completed, the United States would be truly be united from east to west. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Transcontinental Railroad helped develop new opportunities for many aspects of American life.

Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2011). Computer Networks, Fifth Edition: A Systems Approach (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking). Morgan Kaufmann.

The whole development of the air mail delivery system was without suspicion, and indeed with displeasure by the railroads, who considered the government’s active participation and backing as subsidizing air mail and creating unfair competition between them. The Post Office had initially explained it away as a political/federal experiment that needed funding, but by 1925, that excuse was getting harder to sell.

The United States’ railway system is almost as old as the nation itself. If it was not for the railway system, our country may not have become one of the most lucrative superpowers it is today. Colonel John Stevens is credited for first presenting the idea of building a railway in 1812. Mr. Stevens probably did not expect the railway system to become the massive technological innovation it once became. The railway systems in the United States originally consisted of carriages and wagons being pulled down a track by a horse or two. This form of train was most commonly used for transporting freight.

The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper