The Nobel Science Challenge Of Malaria

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently considered gold standards in the management of uncomplicated malaria. For the liver stages, primaquine is the only drug approved to eliminate hypnozoites. Resistance against existing antimalarials is well documented, and troubling due to the emerging resistance to artemisinins. Therefore, a rising incidence of drug resistance requires the development new drugs, with novel disease targeting strategies. Moreover, the challenge is to develop innovative drugs that demostrate (i) faster onset and longer duration of drug action, (ii) safe for children and pregnant women, and (iii) ideally be amenable to a single-dose administration. Following are brief descriptions of such innovative

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Although we as a society choose to believe that double standards no longer exist, it is very evident that we instead choose to turn a blind eye to it. The social issue of double standards, which persists to this day, is one of the main concepts in the play ‘Othello’, by William Shakespeare. In the play, the rules of behaviour for men and women vary greatly, and we receive insight as to why this is. As the play is set in the 16th century, double standards are still very normalized. Men are portrayed to have more personal freedom, and women are judged by them for wanting to have the same.

In the United States, many diseases like the flu are treated easily by available drugs administered by pharmacies. However, in third world countries like Africa, medical supply is not affordable in environments festered with contaminated water supply and lack of food sources. Sub-Saharan Africa is plagued by many diseases, but the most common disease is Malaria. Malaria is a type of disease that is spread by the female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. An individual will start to experience high fevers and chills. If left untreated, the individual could possibly die (Heyneman, 2014). Antimalarial drugs are a type of treatment that can counteract this disease. Doxycycline is an antimalarial drug that is commonly used, however its

"Two Fishermen" examines the use of the death penalty within the justice system. Share your

Malaria is a disease that has wrought history since the dawn of time itself. It has conquered some of the mightiest warlords in history including Tutankhamen, Alexander the Great, Attila the Hun and Genghis Khan. The earliest records of malaria symptoms date back to 2700 BCE, first described in the Nei Ching, an ancient Chinese medical script. The Chinese described the prominent symptoms of malaria, discussing the connection between recurring fevers and enlarged spleens. In 1550 BCE the Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical script, mentioned patients suffering from fevers, shivering, vomiting, convulsions and also enlarged spleens. In 600 BCE records of malaria-like fevers rampant in Mesopotamia were found documented on cuneiform tablets. By 400 BCE the symptoms of malaria became widely recognizable in Ancient Greece, where malaria was held responsible for huge population declines in large cities and states. Hippocrates, traditionally regarded as the father of modern medicine, documented the main symptoms of malaria and made extensive notes in the literature of the time. He was also the first to recognise the relationship between occurrences of fevers and close proximity to stagnant waters. The Romans also discovered this connection between fevers and swampy marshes and notably pioneered the first preventative efforts against malaria by draining these swamps. Thus from the medieval Italian language the term ‘malaria’ was coined: mala aria –

The medicine field encountered many scientific discoveries and there were many improvements during World War Two than there had ever been before. Among the many improvements was Malaria treatment. Malaria is a parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes and it causes one to three million deaths annually. Malaria was first identified in 1880 and the transmission of mosquitoes was identified in 1898 (Carlisle). Many organizations aided in the preventing Malaria to spread. The CDC (centers for disease control and prevention) was successful and helped prevent Malaria from occurring during the World War Two time period. By the end of World War Two, success was made in the malarial control program. Not only that, by 1951, Malaria was eradicated from

The symptoms vary because patients are diagnosed with having either uncomplicated or severe malaria. This is due to the fact that different kinds of malaria range in severity. For instance, ,P. falciparum and P. knowlesi infections can cause rapidly progressive severe illness and lead to death death while the other species, P. malariae, P. vivax, or P. ovale are less likely to cause such severe manifestations. Furthermore, P. vivax and P. ovale infections also require treatment for the hypnozoite forms that remain dormant in the liver and can cause a relapsing infection. Finally, P. falciparum and P. vivax species have varying drug resistance patterns in different geographic regions. For P. falciparum and P. knowlesi infections, the urgent initiation of appropriate therapy is especially

In Ghana, West Africa, the fight against malaria has been on since the 1950’s (Ghana Health Services, 2014). 3.5 million People contract malaria annually, with 25% of the death of children under the age of 5 tied to malaria (UNICEF, 2007). The effect on malaria on life, economy and productivity is devastating and every attempt aimed at controlling this epidemic is well targeted. Thus, for this project, we are designing a PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (PPM) targeted at malaria control in Ghana, West Africa.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently considered gold standard in the management of uncomplicated malaria. For the liver stages, primaquine is the only drug approved to eliminate hypnozoites. Resistance against existing antimalarials is well documented, and troubling due to the emerging resistance to artemisinins. Therefore, a rising incidence of drug resistance requires the development new drugs, with novel disease targeting strategies. Moreover, the challenge is to develop innovative drugs that demostrate (i) faster onset and longer duration of drug action, (ii) safe for children and pregnant women, and (iii) ideally be amenable to a single-dose administration. Following are brief descriptions of such

In 1889, Van Gogh created this piece during the time that he was being treated at Saint Remy mental institute. Surprisingly though, it was supposed to have been derived from his memory of the constellations in the sky that he had seen earlier that night. Starry Night is conceivably one of his most well-known and yet most intangible pieces of art. He used thick brush strokes which are possibly from his severe brain attacks and mental issues which create a bold and dramatized look. However, there is stability to his technique that contributes even more complexity, thus adding to the rich quality of his painting. The night sky portrayed by van Gogh in this painting is overflowing with spiraling clouds, a lively crescent moon, and glowing stars.

This paper with explore the values and attributes of what an ethical organization is comprised of. It will explain: values, attitude, behavior, and ethical behavior. This paper will also look at the PepsiCo Company as it relates to these characteristics and show how PepsiCo has become one of the most recognized ethical organizations in business. It will give examples of what this company does in order to promote and maintain this stand of ethics. They meet these attributes in a number of ways from: advertising responsibility, Company policy, employee compliance training, core values, Environmental sustainability, water stewardship, and recycling to mention a few. PepsiCo also follows up on their polies with a variety of training and activities to reinforce their core beliefs.

Malaria is considered as one of the deadliest diseases around the world. The cases of malaria are getting worse and more serious especially in the African countries. Almost 40% of the world’s population could be affected by the disease. Malaria could cause over 1 million deaths each year and could result to enormous damages to human and social-being (Gething et al., 2014). Most of the international organizations concerning human health have been working on provisions for early the diagnosis and treatment of the disease as well as selective measures such as vector control.

Her main scientific breakthrough is the discovery of a new treatment against malaria. (Mai, 2015). When all attempts to kill malaria failed and the disease was rapidly increasing in the 1960s, Tu turned to traditional herbal medicine to curtail the plague. “Tu was the first to show that a component extracted from the plant Artemisia annua, later called artemisinin, was highly effective against the disease”. (Mai, 2015). She received a novel prize in medicine for this discovery, hence becoming the first female Chinese recipient of the

Malaria is one of the world’s most enduring, destructive, and pervasive diseases. Mummies from as many as 3,000 years ago have been diagnosed with malaria, based on intestinal damage. Some of the earliest recorded writings refer to the “tertian” (every third day) and “quartan” (every fourth day) fevers typical of the disease. In India it was dubbed “The King of Diseases,” considered to be a curse from the gods, and even Hippocrates wrote of patients suffering from tremors and sweating, with “large, stiff spleens and hard, thin, hot stomachs, while their shoulders, collar bones and faces are emaciated…. their flesh dissolves to feed their spleens.2 Historian David McCullough described the human cost wrought by tropical disease (malaria and, to a lesser extent, yellow fever and dysentery) during the building of the Panama Canal: “The cost paid in human life for the minuscule bit of track was of the kind people associated with dark, barbaric times, before the age of steam and iron and the upward march of Progress.”3 It was estimated that 20 of every 100 new canal workers died of malaria. Of the remainder, only 20 were able to do “real work.”3