Chemical Bonding Report The two compounds assigned are the ionic compound sodium fluoride, and the molecular compound phosphorus trichloride. As Chandler (2016) suggested, sodium fluoride has many uses in the real world, such as in toothpaste, water treatment, and industrial uses. Sodium fluoride is a white powder that can be dissolved easily into water. It is recommended for most adults to have three grams per day. Small amounts are added into toothpaste and normal drinking water, which is why water is an essential way to get the required amount of fluoride. Fluoride prevents tooth decay, which is why it is used in toothpaste. On the industrial side of things, it prevents bacteria, fungus, and mold, which is why it is common in most pesticides. It is also used to make steel and aluminum in the industrial setting. According to Solvay (2013), phosphorus trichloride is used to produce many products used in agriculture. Products like surfactants, metal extractants, flame-retardants, and additives for lubricants and stabilizers in plastic. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms can pair together, which is what forms matter around us. Valence electrons are on the most outer energy level in atoms. The valence electrons are important because they are the electrons that are lost, gained, or shared. According to (Chem4Kids), on a periodic table each element is located where it is because of the atomic number and the number of protons. The rows are each called
Fluoride has been used by people for many decades. The most common use is in toothpaste. Fluoride was added to toothpaste to lower the amount of dental cavities that one gets, and works by protecting the enamel (outer hard layer over the tooth). Another use of fluoride is in drinking water. It was added to drinking water to also help with tooth decay. Many people are debating whether or not this is truly safe. In the essay, “The Fluoride Conspiracy”, by Laurie Higgs, she talks about the use of fluoride drinking waters and dangers it brings by using logos, pathos, and ethos.
Fluorides are compounds that have been combined with the element fluorine with another substance usually a metal (Cancer.org 2015). Fluoride is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, in soil everywhere, in fresh water and in ocean water (Fluoride information network 2015). Fluorides strengthen teeth already present inside the mouth. Once in the digestive tract they travel through the blood to areas with high
Fluoride Fluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and water supplies. The fluoride ion comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust, is never encountered in its free state in nature. It exists only in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound. Fluoride is effective in preventing and reversing the early signs of tooth decay.
Unknown 1 is sodium chloride(NaCl) which is ionic because sodium is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal, unknown 2 is copper chloride(CuCl2), unknown 3 is citric acid(C6H8O7), and unknown 4 is sucrose(C12H22O11) which is also known as table sugar. From this information gathered from the facts, it can be concluded that unknown 1 and 2 are ionic, and 3 and 4 are covalent.
Another issue of controversy is the safety of the chemicals used to fluoridate water. The most commonly used additives are silicofluorides, not the fluoride salts used in dental products (such as sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride). Silicofluorides are one of the by-products from the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. The toxicity database on silicofluorides is sparse and questions have been raised about the assumption that they completely dissociate in water and, therefore, have toxicity similar to the fluoride salts tested in laboratory studies and used in consumer products (Coplan and Masters 2001). It also has been maintained that, because of individual variations in exposure to fluoride, it is difficult to ensure that the right individual dose to protect against dental caries is provided through large-scale water fluoridation. In addition, a body of information has developed that indicates the major anticaries benefit of fluoride is topical and not systemic (Zero et al. 1992; Rölla and Ekstrand 1996; Featherstone 1999; Limeback 1999a; Clarkson and McLoughlin 2000; CDC 2001; Fejerskov
Are you aware that fluoride that is used to help keep teeth healthy is actually a harmful compound. The number of products that contain fluoride is actually quite high. Many people may not know it is also in our drinking water. The scary thing is fluoride is now classified as a neurotoxin.
Fluoride is a natural occurring element found abundantly in the Earth’s crust. It is widely distributed in the lithosphere and is the 13th most common element in the earth’s crust (Lennon et al., 2004, pg. 2). It is found in seawater at a concentrations between 1.2–1.4 mg/L, in groundwater at concentrations up to 67 mg/L, and in most surface waters at concentrations below 0.1 mg/L (IPCS, 2002). While all foods contain traces of fluoride, water and non-dairy beverages are the main sources of ingested fluoride; concentrations of fluoride in public drinking water accounts for 66 to 80% of fluoride intake in the United States (IPCS, 2002).
Fluorine is an element in the many fluoride compounds that are commonly added to water supplies and dental products to rebuild and reinforce the enamel on our teeth. There are over 10 different fluoride compounds. This is because fluorine has the capability of forming compounds with nearly all the elements. When fluorine is combined with something else, for example sodium, it becomes a fluoride compound (Sodium Fluoride).
Also, fluoride has long been known as a toxic substance. This is the reason that it has been used in pesticides and rodenticides and now
I was placed is Mrs. Basden’s AP Chemistry class at the Highland High School, and I observed on Tuesday and Thursday mornings. I assisted Mrs. Basden with group questions and activities. The AP chemistry course is very intensive and contains a lot of required material to cover within a school year. The majority of the observation was revolved around solving practice problems that will help these students on the AP exam. Due to the rigorous schedule of teaching all the topics that will be on the AP Chemistry Exam, there are not many opportunities for large reading and writing strategies in the classroom towards the end of the school year.
1. The main chemical; ingredient added into fluoride isn’t what most people think naturally occurring compound it is a corrosive acid captured in air controlled pollution devices .
The NRC reported in 2007 that fluoride was considered an element essential to life. Fluoride plays an important role in the body’s ability to perform metabolic and biochemical reactions that help prevent tooth decay and help bone formation. Essentially the government says that the fluoridation of water is more helpful than harmful for people as it is a good use of tax dollars as it treats upper class and lower class citizens equally in dental prevention.
For the lesson observed the objectives was to explain the trends of the periodic table based on the elements’ valence electrons and atomic numbers. Additionally, students were responsible for applying their previous knowledge in calculating subatomic particles to review the Bohr Models and discus the relationship among families in the periodic table. Students will use the information from today’s lesson to make future judgments on reactivity and bonding created during chemical reactions in the next unit. Lastly, students were to connect the information on elemental properties to previous experiences with their health, commercial products, and everyday life.
Fluorine is added in water in certain countries and used in toothpaste so that it can strengthen people’s teeth.
Surrounding the discourse around the subject of cyberbullying, it is imperative to not only address alternatives, but also to formulate recommendations on how to remedy this issue. In addition to the discussion within the report, a potential first recommendation to defeat the issue of cyberbullying is to make school systems the main point of contact for the conflict. A common factor when addressing the problem of cyberbullying is how heavily schools are involved in the scenario where cyberbullying is occurring. The student adolescents involved with cyberbullying fit the statistic that, “55 per cent of all teens that use social media have witnessed outright bullying online” (nobullying.com). Look for example at the case Jessica Logan mentioned previously in the discussion. This is a very extreme case where multiple high school students were involved in the cyber harassment of a female student. This would not have been the case if schools spread more awareness of the issue and inflicted some safety precaution. “Over 80 percent of teens use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and a common medium for cyber bullying, (http://www.bullyingstatistics.org).” With that being said I feel as though school programs should inforce that they take away the cell phones of students at the beginning of the school day and give it back to them at the end. Cell phones aren’t directly used too much in the classroom to begin. With it stripped away, it would take away the risk of having the group of students involved in cyberbullying and produce more engagement in the classroom at the same time.