The Importance Of Globalization In Latin America

After reading Jose Carlos Mariategui’s essay The Problem of the Indian, I felt that Mariategui deconstructed the myth that white Peruvians respected indigenous Peruvians as landholders, but that he failed to propose how indigenous Peruvians could undo the racism entrenched in Peru’s education system. Firstly, Mariategui emphasized that “the problem of the Indian is rooted in the land tenure system of our economy.” As the author implied, Spanish colonizers discriminated against Peru’s indigenous population too extensively through the encomienda system to ever hold a non-repressive relationship with that population. Secondly, he admitted that “a multitude of complicated customs and vices that can only be changed through a long and normal evolutionary

Native Americans and their unique languages were widespread across the United States for most of its existence. However, as time went on, and as history took its course, Native Americans have been mostly removed, and a whole arsenal of their languages have gone with them. Elyse Ashburn has studied the amount of languages that are left. Written in 2007, “A Race to Rescue Native Tongues” uses the strategy of logos to persuade the reader by reason. Many Native languages are disappearing, and people must make an effort to save them.

R. Anthony Kugler defines globalization as “the ways in which technology and trade are making the world a smaller, more interconnected place than it used to be, and to the economic and social changes that are occurring as a result.” (Kugler, 2006). While this widespread ideals of speed and efficiency work in dominant, “first world” cultures, minority cultures and indigenous peoples often suffer from its results. It isn’t uncommon for indigenous cultures to be stripped of their traditions in the name of “development.” Because of this, the struggles these native peoples face often lead to a decrease in overall happiness and wellbeing. In order to improve the conditions these indigenous peoples face, action must be taken by dominant Western cultures to preserve and protect minority cultures and identities.

As early as the 1400’s the colonization and territorial expansion has affected the lives of the indigenous people. We have seen this all around the world in South America, Africa and China. The indigenous people have endured death by disease, slavery, starvation, and war.

Economy: An expanding international commitment to free trade among countries has internationalized the market for goods; people have access to goods that were previously out of reach. Finally, in addition to the exchange of goods across borders, traders move billions of dollars daily with the click of a mouse. Some countries have been helped by the newly emerging economic order because they have the resources to expand production worldwide and to create goods that are in demand internationally. On the other hand, some countries and individuals have been hurt because they are not able to compete with the strongest producers internationally. The United States is one of the world's leading exporters and maintains a lead in many of the future's most promising industries, including biotechnology, space technology, and computer software. U.S. corporations have sought a competitive edge by taking advantage of cheap labor in Latin America and Asia.

Even when Indigenous women are employed, their wages do not enable them to live outside of poverty. As a result, it is more difficult for Indigenous women to provide for themselves and be autonomous. The problem with increased dependency will be discussed shortly.

The misappropriation of indigenous American cultures in the wake of colonialism is grounded in the scientific documentation and recording of indigenous American languages. Written Native languages were established by in efforts to “save” and “preserve”

Indigenous groups in Latin America have unfortunately suffered from losing many of their rights throughout the history of that region of the world. The violations are vast and cross into other topics talked about during the class including but not limited to; the environment, racism, loss of cultural and language, etc. Latin America has approximately 45 million indigenous people who make up about 8.3% of the total population in this area of the world (“Indigenous People”). The focus of my report in on Peru and the ongoing issues of indigenous groups’ rights to land as the government continue to push forward with timber, oil, and mining industries. My report is a very micro-level take on serious issues for indigenous groups in not only Latin America, but all over the

Smith discusses how important advances have been made over the past four decades in improving both the living and the political conditions for many of Latin America’s indigenous peoples. Chase Smith discusses five major challenges facing Indigenous Latin Americans. Three of which will be discussed in this report. Firstly, there are many challenges regarding territory and resources. Smith states that since the beginning of European colonial domination in the Americas, that Indigenous peoples have suffered and protested the continual loss of access to their land and resources in order to their “place” in this world. The twentieth century brought political and organizational innovations to support indigenous peoples’ attempts to recover and insure access to resources. Chase uses the example of Brazil, the Andean Amazon and parts of Central America, in which, the Indigenous peoples’ demands now focus on state recognition of their collective rights to a territory, which includes subsoil and surface resources.

In recent times it has become more and more apparent that the world has gotten much smaller due to globalization. There has also been an associated shift in where products for sale in retail stores around the world, the West in particular, are made. Indeed, many of the items that were previously made in the United States are now made in Latin America and Asia with Mexico in particular being one of the ubiquitous countries that are involved. When it comes to globalization, many are quick to point out the positive outcomes and attributes that are developing, however, neither the prevailing opinion about the subject nor the ostensible effects of globalization are monolithic. Indeed, there is evidence and scholarly opinion

Globalization is the growth of interregional and worldwide linkages and the changes the linkages are bringing about (Pulsipher & Pulsipher 2012, G-3). The Structural Adjustment Policy (SAPs), when policies required economic reorganization toward less government involvement in industry, agriculture, and social services is a topic in globalization in Middle and South America (Pulsipher & Pulsipher 2012, 16). People rebelled on this attempt to globalization by electing governments. Now, SAPs has been joined by North American Free Trade and Mesocour to reduce tariffs and other barriers among neighboring countries and others (Pulsipher & Pulsipher 2012, 118-119). Throughout the region nearly everyone depends on the informal economy as a buyer or

In the last decades there has been a generalized shift in west Higher Education (HE) from a teacher-centered to a student-centered approach. One important influence for this might be the publication of the translated constructivist ideas from Vygotsky in the 70’s and the subsequent theories developed around this ideology. Nevertheless, this globalized trend has not been as popular in Latin America (LA) and there has been even a resistance to adopt it.

1. This study uses economic methods as an attempt to document the socioeconomic situation of the estimated 34 million indigenous people in Latin America which is 8% of the region's population. Authors provide results confirming that indigenous communities are a severely disadvantaged group, in areas such as education, and even worse off than expected, including discussions on the theoretical and linguistics aspects of this book. These results also show that policy makers can help indigenous people improve their situation by strengthening human capital.

Patriarchy, power, and land have resulted in the collapse of indigenous social structures and culture. Indigenous culture is rooted in tradition that is the foundation of identity for Indigenous people. Patricia, Justino and Julie Litchfield, Economic Exclusion, and Discrimination: The Experiences of Minorities and Indigenous People (Minority Rights Group International Issues Paper, 2003). The Minority Rights Group International aims to protect the rights of ethnic, minorities and Indigenous individuals. (Justino and Litchfield, 2003) provides a broad overview on the issue of poverty and discrimination across different countries and districts. Indigenous people are disadvantaged when it comes to accessing services because most minorities are facing poverty. Indigenous people are experiencing lower health, education, employment, and housing outcomes than non-Indigenous. Recognition for Indigenous customary law should not be separated from the Aboriginal community, culture, and religion. The

La tierra mas hermosa. The most beautiful land. Latin America and the Caribbean maintain the humble beauty of many indigenous regions. The rugged mountains of Bolivia are scattered across graded lands. The Quechua people can be seen wearing richly decorated ponchos as they plant seeds for forming. Weathered volcanic lavas are stretched over the lands of Guatemala, and the heavily wooded forest trees can also be seen in the eastern slopes of the Andes. The azure blue oceans of Havana sparkle as the golden sun illuminates the sky. These humble lands have always been here; streams of people have flowed through these lands for centuries. It is only the globalización that is relatively new, and along with that comes the life one lives in these lands--pobreza y viviendo en el infierno [poverty and living in hell]. The impact of globalization in Latin America has caused a ripple in the lives of many individuals living in Latin America and the Caribbean. Although globalization is not a new concept, the process of globalization has drastically expanded and involved into social, political, and economic changes that weakens the sovereignty and power that helps create policies and reform government institutions.