The Human Microbiome Project ( Hmp )

The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th Edition Answer Key - Study Guide Chapter 5: Microbiology Basics Part I: Mastering the Basics Matching—Germs, Worms, and Terms 1. G 2. I 3.

Gut microbiota is a complex community of micro-organism species that live within the digestive tract. It is the largest reservoir of micro-organisms mutual to both humans and animals. The Gut microbiome consist of as many as 1,000 types of bacteria. The microbiome also consists of as many as 10 times the amount of cells and roughly as many as 150 times as many genes as the human genome contains. The microbiome has a symbiotic relationship with its human host and it co-evolves. The gut microbiome is a finely tuned eco-system, but its development depends on a number of factors, such as:

Analysts have been concentrating among the dynamic parts of supportive microorganisms inside the human body, and they found out that: “In fact, most of the cells in the human body are not human at all. Bacteria cells in the human body outnumber human cells 10 to one.” (Jennifer Ackerman, 2012, p. 38) Ackerman also expresses that

There is a large number of species of microbes found on the human body. This bacterial organism are found in the skin, mouth, or nose. This lab consisted of the collection of skin bacterial organisms and amplification of the 16s rRNA to construct a small molecular phylogeny of the human body microbiome, or the community of microorganisms that reside in the epithelia of humans. This information could only be acquired through processes such as DNA extraction, amplification of specific genetic target by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digestion, cloning of DNA fragments into plasmid vector, transformation and blue/white clone colony screening. Through the phylogenetic tree analysis

Shortly after birth, a baby’s stomach is lined with intestinal bacteria called microbiota, and it’s supposed to remain there for the rest of this organism’s life span. In humans lower intestines there are billions of bacteria with almost 2000 different species that are

There is an ever-growing awareness of the possible potential for bacterial flora in the gut, also known as microbiota, to influence the gut-brain communication in health and disease.

Before, biologists assumed all microbes are bad for the human body (automatically thought of pathogens), caused many diseases and harm our body fundamental systems. In addition, the biologists think that our body is already built which had all the functions required to maintain our health. However, the attitude has changed over the last decade. The biologists characterized the most prevalent species of microbes in the body, and found out that these collective microbes do not threaten us, and they also are important part of human bodies.

The relationship between the human gut microbiome to health and disease is strong. Human physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function are all affected by the composition of the gut. If the composition of the gut microbiome is altered in a way that any of these functions are negatively affected, this can lead to disease. The developments of the microbiome, its complexity, and its functionality in health and disease have been extensively studied. In addition, the way in which it is altered has many implications in the cause of diseases, such as bowel disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer.

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

Both in and on our body, there are 10 bacterial cells for every single human cell. This collection of organisms that inhabit the human body is referred to as the microbiome and accounts for nearly 2% of our total body weight.

Did you know that there are more than a thousand different types of different tiny organisms called microbiota living inside your digestive system? Most people are probably grossed out by that, but it’s actually a good thing. The organisms break down food that our bodies can’t so that we can get nutrients from it. The article Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota explains that there are a lot of factors that affect the lives of the microbiota inside our digestive system. What we eat is a big factor that affects how microbiota live. When we were babies and drank breast milk, our microbiota used the nutrients from the milk to outlive other bacteria that could have been harmful to us. Experiments done to prove this were called

The human microbiome has received more attention in the last few years as scientists have begun to link health and mental wellbeing with these internal synergists. Murray and Manary (2015) define a microbiome as an “ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms living inside the body…100 trillion organisms, including anaerobic bacteria, archaea, yeast and parasites.” Humans are born and immediately exposed to these microbes, creating their own microbiome within hours. The natural birth baby inherits microbes of the mother and caesarian section babies receive microbiota of those who handle them first (Ley, 2006). Genes, and the environment from which they are born into, shape their future microbiome (Ley, Peterson,

The human gut microbiota has become the subject of researches in recent years and our knowledge of the resident species and their potential functional capacity is rapidly growing. Our gut harbors a complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells. Therefore, our gut microbiota evolves with us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. This has clear effects on physiologic, immunologic, and metabolic processes in human health, aberrations in the gut microbiome and intestinal homeostasis have the capacity for multisystem effects. Changes in microbial composition are implicated in the increasing for a broad range of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic disease, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, and associated

In a 2015 article, “Geospatial Resolution of Human and Bacterial Diversity with City-Scale Metagenomics” by Ebrahim Afshinnekoo, Cem Meydan, Shawn Levy, and Christopher E. Mason, they discussed how hundreds of species of bacteria and DNA are present in the subway, but most of them were either harmless or unknown. Studies were conducted in the metropolitan area of New York City, because it was an ideal place to undertake a large-scale metagenomic study and it is the largest and densest in terms of population, in the United States. The conducted study consisted of 1,457 collected samples, all across the entire NYC Metropolitan Transit Authority open subway stations, (466 stations) and 24 subway lines. The Staten Island Railway, 12 sites in the Gowanus Canal, four public parks, and one closed subway station that was submerged during the 2012 Hurricane Sandy were also included in the collected sample. In the summer of 2013, three samples were collected from each subway station. Two from the station, from areas such as: the station benches, garbage cans, rails and one from inside the train. There were additional samples taken for culturing and testing.

The global human microbiome market is projected to worth $2.2 billion in 2020 with a CAGR of 9.80% from 2020 to 2024 to cap at $3.2 billion by the end of 2024. There are two main segments in the human microbiome market: Diagnostics and Therapeutics. The human microbiome therapeutics market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.20% between 2020 and 2024 and the human microbiome diagnostics market is anticipated to rise at a CAGR of 8.60% from 2018 to 2024.