While working on the Syrian problem set earlier this year, I, like many DoD analysts, was alarmed by the relatively sudden appearance of Chinese military assets off the Syrian coastline in August of 2016. This marked a considerable departure from China’s long-held policy of non-intervention and its predilection for negotiated political solutions in the Middle East.
In August of 2016, the government of China announced its intention to provide personnel, training, and humanitarian aid to the government of Syria. (US Dept. of State, 2016) This is surprising, since the Chinese government has long held a non-interventionist policy in the Middle East, stressing the need to respect national sovereignty. However, in May of 2016, Beijing supported
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Hypotheses
The root of Chinese involvement in the Syrian conflict is its need for energy. China’s own economic development requires massive imports of oil and natural gas. (EIA, 2015; Li, 2016) For this reason, it has a considerable stake in regional economic development and reconstruction.
China chose to get publicly involved in the Syrian conflict only recently because the outward appearance of nonintervention gave Beijing an opportunity to solidify its relationship with the regional players outside of the conflict. Also, China was likely waiting until the fight looked sufficiently one-sided that it could safely choose the Assad regime as the eventual winner, while hedging its bets with an overt, if transparently cynical, policy of non-interventionism. This allowed Beijing to overtly keep its hands off the conflict and, in the longer game, appear a friend to whatever government evolves in Syria at the cessation of hostilities.
China is definitely moderating its long-held non-interventionist policy due to energy concerns, and this marks a turning point in its relations with the Middle East going into 2020 and beyond. China’s energy dependence trumps its historical non-interventionism as the root cause of Chinese military involvement in the Syrian conflict.
Observations
China has an energy dependence problem that dwarfs that of the United States forty years
“a really, really tough case” that defies historical parallels. Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement. Most parties involved in the war in Syria receive various types of support from foreign countries and entities based outside Syria. The ongoing conflict in Syria is widely described as a series of overlapping wars between the regional and world powers, primarily between the U.S. and Russia as well as between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
China does not hesitate to work with corrupt or authoritarian governments if it’s in the country’s economic interest. Thus, China’s investment is bad for the world’s long-term political climate.
With a death toll in the hundred of thousands, and millions displaced, the Syrian civil war has become a violent mark on the world’s history. What started as a peaceful protest has spread over five years, has evolved into a war with a tyrannical government, a clashing rebellion, and terrorism fighting either side. But what is it that really fuels the immense amount of violence? It can be narrowed down to four groups that are obvious. The government and the rebels are the forerunners in violence in the war, sure, but they aren’t the only ones. There are the terrorist groups, with skewed views to support the destruction of people and things around them, and in itself the stark difference of the religions and ethnicities of Syria. Who causes
Following the War of 1812, the United States established itself as a world power and proved its capability to protect needy nations. After the French Revolution, nations realized the importance of balancing power and recognized the dangerousness of one nation holding excessive power. (Stanley Chodorow, MacGregor Knox, Conrad Schirokauer, Joseph Strayer, Hans Gatzke 1969) For years, America held the policy of isolationism and only intervened in other countries’ affairs if necessary. Despite strained relations in the past, diplomatic relations with China began in 1979. (Andrew J. Nathan, Columbia University 2009) Last year, an American battleship entered the South China Sea, inspecting Chinese activities. As an ally and nation known to keep the
China has become a big part in wars, always trying to start them. Global instability is a big deal around the world but China seems to stand out. If it has anything to do with manufacturing or communism, you know China’s involved. Throughout roughly forty years, China was always involved into some war from 1937, with World War II through 1975, with the Vietnam War. Even in the middle of the to with the Korean War.
Imagine. The world around you is falling apart. Turmoil and chaos surround you as you are awoken by explosions, firefights, screaming, and crying every morning. You go to bed every night wondering if someone will break into your home and steal anything valuable that has not been taken by the civil war already. You think about the dead bodies you saw on the side of the road; how they got there, what they did to deserve such a punishment, how their loved ones are doing and if they have found out the horrendous news yet. You are left with the choice to either continue to take your chances in your war torn country or you can accept the unknown and attempt to run away from all the chaos that you have known for the past few years. The latter might sound like the obvious choice, but where will you go? Every country surrounding Syria has closed its borders, so where do you? How will you continue to feed yourself? Your children..? This is just the average day in the life of a citizen of Syria. The Middle East has seen turmoil for years, and this civil war is not going to make anything better. Therefore, I find it crucial to continue to maintain the same amount intervention with Syria as the world has been. Success in the fight against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) will depend on a clear, effective U.S. strategy in the region. It is in the best interests of the U.S. to ensure that ISIS is
Additionally, the author paddles Washington because of its unwillingness to get involved with China, he calls it “the wrong course.” However, later in the article he acknowledges that Washington’s involvement can stir some instability with Russia, India, Pakistan, and other countries in the region. What at first was a sweet deal, it becomes a possible lemon later in Luft’s essay. Nevertheless, even if the geo-strategic challenges previously mentioned do not represent a problem for the United States, assuming that China’s
With Russia’s recent move into Syria, the US is left scratching its head as to what to do about Putin, Assad, US-backed Syrian rebels, and Iran’s involvement in the melee. Until recently, the United States efforts in Syria have been focused on training “moderate” rebels in a bid to overthrow Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and neutralize the ever-growing threat that ISIS poses. Russia’s recent air strikes in the region, coupled with the inevitable Iranian ground invasion, severely hamper US plans in the Syria. The effect this will have on US influence in the region is an issue, as well as what the eventual post-conflict results will have on US interests and allies in the region, particularly Israel.
Syrian civil war started in 2011 was the outcome of the opposition against the President Bashar al-Assad regime. The uprising emerged as a response to the Arab spring movement that lead to regime change in Tunisia and subsequently turned into mass unrest rooted into the discontent with long-term dictatorship and poor economic situation in the country (Manfreda, n.d.). The number of Syrian citizens killed in the civil war reached 140000 since March 2011 (SBS 2014). The European Commission (2014, 2) reports approximately 9.3 million civilians “in need for humanitarian assistance”. The scale of armed rebellion between government and opposition that lead to an increasing number of casualties among civilians did not remain unnoticed by the
As a result, events that occurred in Syria can be seen as a proxy war between the U.S. against Russia and China. As the dominant power of the world, the United States has been asserting its dominance throughout the world. By interfering with the elections of third world countries and creating chaos in countries that are not its allies, the U.S. installs a government that would benefit itself and expand its empire. In the name of freedom and democracy, the U.S. intervened in Syria to drive out ISIS, remove
While a middle-of-the-road approach that both supports and contains China may be flawed, it is the best approach to create a thriving global system. US policy should be to engage with China on mutually beneficial endeavors while putting diplomatic pressure on China to be an active member in international institutions and agreements. The US should pinpoint issues on which China’s greater integration into the global system aligns with China’s changing goals. This should be consist of the United States determining where China can alter its practices for mutual benefit and act as a constructive global citizen. While engaging China, the US should also keep a security presence to dissuade China from exerting power over neighboring
While America was interrogating its policy of backing up rebels, the Saudis were seeking US and UN endorsement for “heavier weapons”. These rebel groups have brought anarchy and intensified the sectarian dimensions of the conflict. With brutal violence being carried out by rebel groups, it is fascinating to see how nations like Saudi Arabia and Qatar have escaped bearing any sort of responsibility for the status quo. However, knowing the risk of furnishing rebel militants, the uncontrolled ambition of the Saudis to initiate change in Syria has adversely transformed the situation. This combination of personal, political, and sectarian rationales has made Saudi Arabia one of the most vocal regional actors in calling for an end to the Assad
Today, the influence of the People’s Republic of China is felt around the world. Its global economic and diplomatic presence has led to speculation that China will be or already is the next superpower. However, China was not always so involved in the world and the motivations that drove China to extend its influence and ability to project power remain a subject of debate. There are two major schools of thought on what motivated China to become a global actor. Certain scholars such as David Shambaugh, Elizabeth Economy, and Michael Levi, believe Chinese global influence is a result of the need to secure raw materials essential to economic and industrial development. Other scholars such as Susan Shirk and Shaofeng Chen see Chinese attempts to expand its influence as primarily a method of ensuring that the Communist Party of China retains enough domestic support to hold on to power. This paper argues that the rise of China’s global involvement in the 21st century is largely a result of its quest for energy security, which has motivated China to expand its power projection capabilities, extend its influence in the developing world, and take on global leadership roles. China’s rapid economic rise created a huge demand for energy that generated energy security concerns within the government. These concerns led to the onset of Chinese investment around the globe in an effort to control energy resources. Moreover, energy security has been a primary motivator for the modernization
China and Syria were major trading partners in the oil industry, which is why China did not want to become involved. The Syrian civil war caused a disagreement between the United States, Russia and China and the proper use of power. Each country had their own views on how to handle the fighting in Syria and they were not seeing eye to eye. United States wanted to take a more active approach, instead of the verbal approach supported by China and Russia. The uprising created a power struggle which left Syria vulnerable which caused more problems, for example one of their many source of income was lost which was tourism. As these conflicts rose, Syria's economy fell. The war resulted in more than a thousand casualties, the destruction of property and major tourist sites which caused their economy to struggle.
The Syrian society is recognized for its hospitality, warmth and generosity. The travelers and tourists from Western countries forget their predetermined thoughts about Syria being a 'rogue state' once they find themselves being welcomed by the kind Syrians. Despite the fact that most Syrians may have an extreme dislike for a number of Western governments' actions, they are sensible enough to differentiate between the government and the people. On the other hand, while Syrians are friendly and hospitable, they can be a little reticent and uncommunicative on a quantity of issues, for instance on the actions of the Syrian government.