Introduction:
The greenhouse effect is what gives life on earth to be able to survive. The climate change in our earth is caused by the greenhouse gasses that surround us keeping energy in the atmosphere which can cause the earth increase its climate. Theses gasses are created by what humans do on earth. For example, driving vehicles, cutting down trees, and other activities. This complication could turn into a threat to our safety and health on earth. Also, this could destroy ecosystems. Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gasses that plants and trees take in and release into the atmosphere in the form of oxygen. Since the earth is not storing CO2 and releasing it back into the atmosphere as oxygen, it is possible that one day
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A guide will be provided to help recognize the types of species. Record the measurements of the dbh in centimeters (cm). Allometric equations will be used to determine the total dry biomass of each tree from the dbh measurement. Before completing this step, estimate the aboveground biomass with the equations created by Jenkins. Once the aboveground biomass has been gathered, estimate the belowground biomass by taking half of the aboveground biomass. Take into consideration that this can vary from species to species and also with the factors of the environmental environment. Next, combine the aboveground and belowground in order to calculate total biomass for each tree. Estimate the amount of biomass per unit area by finding the sum of biomass for every tree within the same plot. Divide by sampling the area (400 m2) to determine biomass/m2. Multiply the value by 10,000 (10,000 m2 =1 ha) to calculate the biomass per hectare (ha). To determine the total biomass of each forest use the total land area. University Woods is 8.5 ha stand; this is under 5% pine. Next, figure the amount of how much carbon is sequestered by the trees in this forest. The total biomass stored as carbon is about 45%. Multiply 0.45 by the total tree biomass to find the mass of carbon. To figure the amount of CO2 would be needed to metabolize to store carbon, multiply the mass of carbon by 1.65. This will estimate the amount of
Joe Starita is a professor at the College of Journalism who has spent most of his professional career as a journalist. He has not only been interested in human rights issues throughout his career, but also in the history of Native Americans. He grew up in Nebraska so the lives and cultures of Native Americans were very much part of his own. The writing of the book took place at a time when Ponca was forcefully evicted from his own territory and forced to live as an evictee. The reason for his eviction was due to the fact he was inhabiting the land under control of the American federal government. This book focuses on the life and times of a famous Native American leader of the Ponca, Chief Standing Bear. It highlights Ponca's and his people's sufferings, agony, hardship, pain, starvation, death, imprisonment, illness, arrests among others.
High Noon, which is an old western type of movie, is about a sheriff named Will Kane that has to fight to save his town. "The Most Dangerous Game", which is a short story about a man named Rainsford who has to fight for his survival. High Noon and "The Most Dangerous Game" have similar main characters and similar story patterns, but have a different overall theme.
On September 17th, 2015 our group went on the Orange Trail of the State Botanical Garden of Georgia in Athens, Georgia to collect data for our lab. The biome of this area that we explored fit a temperate deciduous forest type. We walked along the trail and picked random spots to start measuring our transects. We measured DBH size and canopy coverage at 10, 20, 30, and 40 meters respectively along each transect for a total of six transects. We used a densitometer to measure the percent of canopy coverage of the tree closest to the center of the sampling points along each of the transects. We used a measuring tape to measure out 10, 20, 30, and 40 meters respectively along each of the six
Sites were constructed at Robertson fields (41°39'32.1"N 80°08'56.0"W) at Allegheny College and the Ernst Trail (41°36'55.5"N 80°09'53.0"W) in the town of Meadville, Bousson Environmental Research Reserve (41°35'48.9"N 80°02'35.9"W) in the town of Guys Mills, and the Erie National Wildlife Refuge (41°37'31.1"N 79°57'38.3"W) in Randolph Township. Each location was sampled twice throughout the study period. The Ernst trail and Boussoun Environmental Research Reserve sites were both located using a road as the edge. The Roberston fields and Erie National Wildlife sites were both located off fields of varying cover and use. At each location, there were two sites of were transects were set up. Transects would contain two 50 x 5 meter sections, the first running parallel to the forest edge and the second located 50 meters into the forest from the far edge of the first (figure). The inner transect was located at a minimum distance of 70m from another edge. In each transect, two 1x1 meter squares were placed. In this square forest type, percent canopy cover, soil temperature and soil moisture. Percent canopy cover is calculated by laying a 12.7 x 12.7 centimeter grid on the ground and counting the number of shaded squares, then multiplying that number by four to determine a percentage. Soil moisture was calculated by taking a sample of leafs and placing them in a paper bag and weighing them. Then the
old trees, small trees and shrubs. The timber volume of about 19 billion cubic meters,
This exercise was taken place in Mr. John Gough’s property, ‘Pamplemousse Park’, 95 Mc Leans Ridge Rd, Wollongbar, Northern NSW. The plantation is a mixed-species rainforest, established in 1997. Equipment required for this practical exercise was clinometer, diameter tape, 30-measuring tape, basal area prism, point sampling ‘dendrometer’, ruler, calculator, booking board and writing implements
Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. Deforestation undermines this important carbon sink function. It is estimated that 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions are the
A tree with a bigger diameter will also take up more space. This also correlated with the age of the forests. The older the forest, the more mature its stems will be, and thus the greater DBH/area it will have. The stem per acre measurement can be misleading. The younger forest had many more stems than the older forest, but the stems taken into account ranged from sapling to 25 years old. With the progression to each stop, the stages of succession were evident. As a forest ages, its stems become more even aged. Stop 1 was in the aggradation phase, stop 2 was in a transition-steady state phase, and stop 3 was closest to an old growth
For the harvested stand with 61.18 Mg C/ha, our estimate of the above-ground live tree carbon pool was respectively
A number of factors must be taken into account when preparing this plan, such as: current and future wood demand, current land and forest status, topographic characterization of the population, productivity levels,
Based on the data obtained and using the Kriging tool in ArcGIS I created a percentage of canopy density map for the area (Figure 11). This map shows the different percentage of canopy density for the units, diving it into 6 classes ranging from 25.6% to
In our Berlese Funnel lab we sampled two different types of forest, deciduous and coniferous, both on our school campus. We set up multiple funnels in our classrooms with heat directly above them. After collecting leaf litter from our designated forest we placed them in a funnels above beakers of alcohol. We let them sit for two nights in a row and while in class checked for different organisms under microscopes. We calculated the different amount of species and how many there were of each.
We had to measure the tree density using a point quarter method, direct count method, and also a random pair method. For each method we did not include trees that were death or trees having a diameter that was less that 10cm. There were four different types of trees in the area in which we were collecting our data form. The various types included White Ash, American Elm, Red Maple, and Hawthorns. We used the leaves and the
For this Outcome I was split into a small group of people within my class and was asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation of no more than 10 minutes addressing the various elements of the marketing process and the benefits and costs of a marketing orientated business giving examples. (PowerPoint presentation attached and notes)
The stem wood biomass will be estimated by multiplying volume with wood density (Reyes et al., 1992; Pearson and Brown, 1932). The stem wood biomass will then "expanded" to total above ground biomass of tree (eqn. 3) including leaves, twigs, branches, bole and bark using biomass expansion factor (BEF) as done by Bohre et. al. (2013).