The Genographic Project

Genograms are used to graphically represent a family tree and display detailed data on relationships among the individuals included in the family tree. In essence, families are complex systems that interact with kin groups in specific ways, and a genogram helps to show a diagram of a family tree, but also maps out interactions, relationships, traits, and characteristics that may otherwise not be noticed. The purpose of a genogram is to identify and understand patterns in family history which may influence an individual’s personal behavior and traits. Family Systems Theory, presented by Dr. Murray Bowen, suggests that an individual cannot be understood in isolation from their family members. According to Dr. Bowen, the family is an emotional

- Dna tests on the mitochondria genome are used to expose a common ancestry or a genealogical connection up to 10,000 years ago to today.

Chris stringer is the author of Lone Survivor How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth. Stringer covers a wide variety of topics in his book. He talks about the modern technology we have now that makes it easier to identify fossils, bones, dates, etc. He also mentions how the human gene became what it is today, the Homo sapien. Stringer argues that Homo sapiens did not originate in a single region of Africa. Instead, different populations coexisted across the continent with other species like Homo erectus, and they exchanged genes, tools and behavioral and survival traits before they migrated to Europe.

In the film Journey of Men: Genetic Odyssey anthropologist Spencer Wells proved that early humans migrated out of Africa. In order to prove that all humans share the same family history, this essay will first talk about where humans evolved from, the first humans in Africa, their DNA and chromosomes, and the migration itself.

Darwin once hypothesized that humans evolved from an ape like ancestor and that those ancestors most likely originated in Africa since the majority of the great apes lived there. Unfortunately, Darwin’s hypothesis was ignored for reasons such as people (e.g. Europeans) not liking of having African ancestors—not to mention the lack of evidence did not help in supporting such hypothesis. Thus, finding the missing link between apes and humans was of great important—it still is. Thankfully, through extensive research many scientists have been able to determine a clade called Hominin [7]. This clade contains humans as well as their most closely related relatives.

DNA is extremely complex and large, and scientists want to be able to discover every single amino acid that comprises of DNA using a couple of test subjects. There are 2 projects that are going on in this documentary. One is by the government who say that they are going completely decode the human genome in 15 years. The other project of scientists which is its own organization claims they will have it done in about 5 years. This is because the

The scientists involved in the project took the sample of 12,127 men from 163 different Asian populations including Iran, China and Siberia. This experiment looked at the modern human DNA patterns that define the Y chromosome. According to past studies, the Y chromosome remains constant through time and can be utilized to help trace a male’s ancestors. The results from this experiment are overwhelming and very exciting to those in the scientific community who support the Out-of-Africa theory. These results show that every man who participated in the study had one of three Y chromosome biallelic markers or mutations labeled YAP+, M89T, and M130T. These three mutations all connect back to one mutation called M168T which originate in Africa around 35,000 to 89,000 years ago. For the regional continuity theory to be proven valid, one of these 12,127 men would have not had one of these mutations but a completely new and different mutation. This could have suggested a possible lineage to another type of Homo erectus living in Asia or interbreeding between different human-like species. This may become possible in the future and prove this current study false. However, at the present time, this indisputable information resolves that there is not as much evidence to support the theory of regional continuity or else there

The Journey of Man was an interesting non-fictional anthropological literary piece where the author sought to explain how modern humans came to inhabit the world we know today. He began by talking about the mitochondrial DNA passed from mother to daughter, or the maternal line. Using this it was discovered that all people had a common female ancestor who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. This was one of the first steps in supporting the out of Africa hypothesis. However, mtDNA could not give all the answers to how humans moved throughout the world, and for that he turned to the male Y chromosome. By examining this, he and many other geneticists discovered the different changes throughout populations, and could estimate how long ago they occurred. According to Wells, modern humans were in Africa 60,000 years ago, and from that point began to migrate outward. For each new area, such as Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and others, there were specific polymorphisms on the Y chromosome that defined each population. By using this technique, he was able to map out when modern

The study, reported in the journal Science, examined genetic information from the remains of anatomically modern humans who lived during the Upper Palaeolithic, a period when modern humans from Africa first colonised western Eurasia.

With the advancement of DNA analysis, scientists have been able to uncover some of earth’s greatest mysteries when it comes to the evolution of humans. One prime example of this is in the case of discovering a completely new strand of DNA as it pertains to the Y chromosome called “A00.” This new strand of DNA had around 40-50 mutations in it which was extremely higher than that of other strands. Not only we're the mutations alarming, but when it was discovered that the strand was 338,000 years old everyone was shell shocked. This was extremely older than what scientists thought was the first known species that we as people descended from. (Film Sheet) With discoveries such as the strand of “A00” people on earth are getting a much closer and much more accurate idea of where we descended from as a

This was proved in 2011, when scientists used a lock of hair donated from a young aboriginal man in 1923, and using modern gene sequencing techniques, discovered that aborigines were closely related to Africans. This further confirmed when Professor Eske Willerslev conducted a research using 83 Aboriginal Australians from the Pama-Nyungan-speaking language group and 25 Highland Papuans. The research proved that descendants of modern day

The objective of doing the genogram is to get to know the patient by gaining understanding of his/her family background. Assessing the family using systemic approach enables health care providers to learn about the ways in which family members interact, what are the family expectations and norms, how effective is the members communication, who makes decisions and how the family deals with life time stressors (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007). This paper outlines the assessment and analysis of the three generation of Wits’ and Smiths’ families, its relationship, health pattern, habits, tradition and structure. It also provides a nursing teaching plan. The interview was conduced with Alina Wit, a second generation mother of three.

During the 1980s, three specialists, Allan Wilson, Rebecca Cann and Mark Stoneking, worked together on another theory that supports Charles Darwin's speculation, the “Mitochondrial Eve” hypothesis. In these tests, the scientists solemnly focused on mitochondrial DNA, human genes that lay within the cell and are passed from mother to child. These genes allow mutation, as they mutate quickly for adaptation, thus allowing those studying to find and track changes during short time periods. By focusing on these genes and comparing their differences, the three scientists were able to create a hypothesis about the time and place when modern humans began to evolve. According to their findings, they believe that modern humans are decentants from a single population, while earlier humans e.g. Neandertals and Homo erectus, had become extinct. Furthermore, the team compared the DNA of numerous people of differerent ethnic backgrounds and concluded that all humans did indeed evolve from 'one mother' in Africa about 150,000 years ago.

Human evolution according to research started over 6 million years ago. The outcome of the evolution process is the current human beings. Scientific studies have revealed over the years a remarkable affinity between the chimpanzees/Apes and human beings. Even though this reality is not a definitive prove that human beings evolved from apes, it does show that the human beings are in one way or another related to other primates. Scientists suppose that the humans and the primates shared a common ancestor. The subject of what makes humans what they are and their origin has been the exclusive purpose leading to many scientific studies globally (Coolidge & Wynn, 2011). Studies believe that Africa was the origin of evolution millions of years ago. Fossil remains have been discovered in different parts of Africa as well as other regions of the world. Different hominins have been discovered around the world in the last 1 million years. Thus, the different discoveries have led to comparisons between the various species of hominins to clarify on their similarities as well as differences. This essay seeks to explain whether they were distinctively different species or regional versions of the same species.

The family that is being observed for this assignment is headed by a married couple who has been together for a little over 40th years. Cliff Barnes a 61 year old male is married to Amy Barnes 66 years old. Their immediate household composition includes Amy Barnes’s 44 year son from a previous relationship, her 22 year old grandson and the couple’s 15 year old adopted daughter. I have included the immediate family members in the attached genogram because they play a major role in the family dynamics.