The Genealogy And Origin Of Neoliberal Globalization

“…an ensemble of economic and social policies, forms of governance, and discourses and ideologies that promote individual self-interest, unrestricted flows of capital, deep reductions in the cost of labour, and sharp retrenchment of the public sphere. Neoliberals champion privatization of social goods and withdrawal of government from provision for social welfare on the premise that competitive markets are more effective and efficient.” (Thinnes, 2017)

One interesting feature of Neoliberalism is the Prisoner’s Dilemma. In this two-players game “it is assumed that the only concern of each individual player is to maximize their own advantage, with no concern for the well-being of the other player” (Dunne et all. p.356). States are self-interested actors. Each player make a choice without knowing what the other will do. That is why each player is acting to avoid the worst outcome that could result from the other player’s action. There is no best strategy in the Prisoner’s Dilemma because the strategy that works best depends on what strategy the other player is using. There is uncertainty, states can never be sure about the intentions of other states. This dilemma fashion illustrates

Neoliberalism according to Ritzer is the, “Liberal commitment to individual liberty, a belief in the free market, and opposition to state intervention” (37). Neoliberalism emerged in the 1930s and it is based on the ideas of classical economics (Ritzer, 37). Neoliberalism is harmful to human rights and does not improve the lives of others. On the universal declaration of human rights we can see thirty rights that humans are all entitled to (“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”). Human rights under articles twenty-two, twenty-three, and twenty-five are all rights that neoliberalism violates.

Likewise, it failed to outline concrete goals for the future and, as neoliberals were quick to point, espoused perilous utopian sentiments. By contrast, the neoliberal position had the advantage of modeling itself on the successes of Western free market economies. For this reason, it promoted itself as aspiring towards concrete and realistic goals. Furthermore, neoliberals enjoyed a rhetorical advantage over the proponents of the third way approach since the former relied on a binary thinking that pitted the new vision of market reform against the old vision of failed socialist planning. On the contrary, those on the Left who continued to espouse egalitarian and collectivist ideas appeared to be compromised by their association with the marred legacy of the old socialist system (Bohle and Neunhöffer

To comprehensively understand the neoliberal institutional approach to world politics, it is also necessary to understand its opposing theory of neorealism. While the two schools of thought disagree on the implications of political structure, both scholarships share similar epistemology and asks largely the same questions which is why Keohane and Martin(1999:3) refer to neoliberal institutionalism as “the half sibling of neorealism”; making it insufficient to discuss one without comparing it to the other. Therefore I have framed much of my definition of neoliberal institutionalism in the context of the ‘neo-neo’ debate.

Overall in this era there was social insecurity from de-socialized wage labor, and increasing inequality. The source of social insecurity was neoliberalism. Neoliberal government became the dominant ideology within this time frame. What is neoliberal government? It is the belief in the free market, which is the economic deregulation that stresses how important it is for the economy

Neo-liberalism is the economic belief that free market forces achieved by minimising government limitations on business provide the lone route towards economic growth shifting control from the public sector into the

According to Wilson, Neoliberalism presents itself as an organic tradition, but her book argues against such an idea. Neoliberalism is not ground-breaking, but it rather adopted previous ideas of freedom. Our society remains ingrained in the principle of competition as a fuel of capitalism which has created spaces of "self-enclosed individualism." All popular schools of thought ascribe to the support of competition as Wilson references the Democratic and Republican alignments. Her description assigns four phases to the acceptance of neoliberalism, eventually leading to a fight to privatize all sects of life, diminishing the line between public and private.

When looking into the history of the United States, one of the biggest aspects of the country was the signing of the constitution on September 17, 1787. This laid out the basis of the government and the rights of the people in the United States, especially the Bill of Rights. There is some grey area when it comes to certain Amendments, which is taken to court to be sorted out. The importance of the rights of the people is proven in the case of Michael, the supposed murderer and Jen, the reporter because each believe they the ability to enforce their rights in the case. Because of Michael’s right to call witnesses and Jen’s right for freedom of the press, there are conflicting views of which individual will succeed. Although Jen has freedom

In both texts, the innocent are tragically taken advantage of through the antagonists in the novel/play, hence, rattling the ethics of society. In The Handmaid’s Tale, the punishment of the women is the main reason why violence ensues. Moira, an innocent, courageous individual, who, due to her rebellious nature, tends to devise escape plans to liberate herself from the norms of The Republic of Gilead. When Moira deceives an aunt by faking an illness, hoping to escape, yet, is unsuccessful; she is penalized for her behavior. At the dinner hall where the handmaids are present, Offred sees, “two aunts [come] out of the building, hauling Moira out. Afterwards, she could not walk for a week, her feet would not fit in her shoes, they were too swollen”

Neoliberalism is a new form of economic policy. It is a very contemporary concept, having become more relevant in the last half of the century. As defined by Jean Hardisty in the article From the New Right to Neoliberalism, “Neoliberalism is the economic, social, and political analysis that best describes the startlingly unequal distribution of wealth and power in the U.S. today.” In other words, everything that is wrong with our government today is a product or effect of Neo-Liberalism. Because of Neoliberalism, the people who are rich and in power remain and in power and actually continually get richer while the unfortunately, the poor stay poor and have little to no way to climb the ladder of equality.

Economics is based on several theories, whether it is neoliberalism or the welfare state. Neoliberalism and the welfare state are opposite beliefs that have been introduced to help the United States economy. Neoliberalism has a key goal of improving the well-being of society while encouraging a ‘free market’ economy. Similar to neoliberalism, the welfare state is a concept in which the state is supposed to protect and promote the well-being of society, socially and economically. A welfare state can occur in a neoliberal state. When the welfare state is used, then neoliberals believe an abuse of power is occurring. While the welfare state can occur in a neoliberal state, the role of the government should be limited to allow for a free market.

Neoliberalism dominated much of the world in the 1980’s and 90’s, with the philosophy that markets are self-regulating so do not require state monitoring (Cypher and Dietz, 1997). Margaret Thatcher, and Ronald Reagan led the way in the global north, promoting deregulation and privatisation of state enterprises (Gregory et al. 2009). Thatcher famously stated, ‘there is no alternative’, immediately dismissing any policies in opposition to neoliberalism (Munck, 2003). However, the neoliberal way of thinking was objected in the 1990’s, particularly in Venezuela where neoliberal policies under Carlos Andrés Pérez’s presidency, entailing widespread privatisation and deregulation (Ellner 2008, pp.92) resulted in looting killing 227 people and injuring

The writings of Karl Marx (1818-83), according to Mingst (1999), are fundamental to the Marxist school of thought, even though he did not directly state all the issues that are today encompassed by Marxism. The theory of Marx on the evolution of capitalism based on economic change and class conflict: the capitalism of nineteenth century

Neo-liberalism is a political ideology that suggests that ‘human well-being can be advanced by the maximisation of entrepreneurial freedom, characterised by private property rights, individual liberty, free markets and free trade’ (Geografiskar, A 2006). In today’s modern society neo-liberalism is widespread around the globe with various stakeholders offering conflicting views. Some advocates, namely the capitalistic portion of society argue that a liberal market is