The clinker coming out of the kiln is at temperatures of around 1400oC. For good quality cement, this temperature has to be brought down to around 200oC in a limited period of time. Thus it is brought in contact with a cross circulation heat exchanging cooler.
The heat of the incoming clinker is recuperated in the secondary air at an efficiency which usually lies within 65% to 70
The clinker cooler has the following main functions:
1. Recuperate the clinker heat by heating up the combustion air (secondary and tertiary air)
2. Maintain a minimum cooling velocity in order to avoid unfavorable mineralogical clinker phases and crystal size
3. Facilitate clinker handling and storage.
Three groups of coolers can be defined according to their working principle:
A. On a grate cooler the clinker forms a bed which is transported along the grate by different mechanisms. The cooling air is blown from below the grate by fans and passes through the clinker bed in cross current. Only a Dart of this air can be used as combustion air, the rest of it has to be dedusted and wasted, unless it can be used for another purpose (e.g. raw material or coal drying, fuel oil preheating, heating of buildings, warm water preparation, etc.).
B. The operating principle of a tube cooler is quite similar to the one of a rotary kiln: the material and the cooling air are led in counter current through one or more slightly inclined rotating tubes. Special lifters are installed which increase the active heat
* When we burn hydrocarbon fuels in the air the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel are completely oxidized. They produce carbon dioxide and water.
The history of cement itself goes back thousands of years. The first sign of cement use comes from the Egyptians, with the use of lime as the “calcareous adhesive”, which they burnt and powdered and can be found cementing the pyramids together still. The Greeks were the next to use lime mortar, “prepared much as it is prepared today.” They also found that certain volcanic deposits combined with water gave increased strength and durability to the mortar. This technological advance was copied by the Romans who were able to make an “admirable hydraulic cement” as they saw constructing a building out
Figure 1 and 2 show the structure of agitated jacketed vessel and its pipes connection to hot water supplied. On the other hand, diagram 1 illustrates all the components involved in the heat exchanger service unit.
It is crucial to heat the melting point bath slowly and steadily when the temperature gets close to the melting point, in order to ensure sufficient time for complete transfer of heat from the bath, through the capillary tubes to the compound. Why is it important to pack the sample tightly in the melting point capillary? It is vital to pack the sample tightly in the melting point capillary, to allow good heat transfer from the capillary walls to the crystals. The less air is present, the better the heat will transfer.
The heater starts heating up the tube until it reaches a high temperature, then a screw thread starts turning.
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and forecasted profitability, liquidity and financial stability of Alliance Concrete. Methods of analysis include forecasting the income statement and balance sheet to calculate financial ratios and profitability ratios. The key drivers for the income statement was management’s assumption about the sales environment surrounding Alliance Concrete. All calculations can be found on the attached document. Results of data analyzed show that Alliance Concrete is experiencing sales decline, profitability decline, but is relatively financially stable for the most part. The report finds the prospects of the company in its current
The purpose of this experiment was to determine which temperature (hot, cold or room temperature) affects the growth of crystals the most.
If the rate of cooling is slowed down, this results in larger crystals forming. It is vital that the correct solvent is used in the procedure. The correct solvent can be identified by trial and error, observations, hypothesis and predictions. The solution should be soluble at a high temperature and insoluble at a low temperature. A negative of recrystallisation is that it is a time-consuming process. Whilst an advantage would be that
I wanted to become a cement mason because I love working with my hands and learning new things and bringing them to life. To become a cement mason, I recommend you have good hand skills and upper body strength and be very persistent with your work. When I was younger I always saw men working on the side of the streets and highways around my city with these big trucks. I always wanted to know what they were doing and what was in the back of the trucks.
we know, added heat speeds up reaction rates). If this material was then cooled at 0 degrees Celsius, it would once again be cooled too quickly and could potentially trap impurities in the crystals.
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystalline substances which have a fixed structure and chemical composition. Minerals are an important part of Geology, especially when studying Crystal and mineral growth. Understanding how crystals grow and the difference between slow and fast cooling rates is also important in Geology. Knowing the difference between cooling rates is important because cooling rate changes the texture of rocks and minerals. The purpose for the Crystal Growth experiment is to identify which Solubility and temperature produces larger crystals, and to simulate natural crystal growth. We will achieve the results we desire by conducting the experiment thoroughly and correctly, as well as correctly
Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated barbefor this it passes through the water manifold on the exciter end of the generator which is connected to thestatus bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside the bars. At the turbine end, the water return to the primary water tank which comes from another water manifold which in turn comes from the similar hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the bars and the coolers because the water folw is single pass through the stator. Movements are relatively minimised which are caused due to the different thermal expansions between the bottom and the top bars.
According to the heating or cooling demand, the building is divided into sectors in order to be able to control the temperatures of different zones. Heat exchangers are distributed for each zone with different sizes according to the zone size and a radiator for each room is supplied with different sizes according to the room sizes. The minimum distance between tubes that could be reached is 10 centimeters due to production reasons, so in special cases in summer due to this limitation factor, the required room temperature is not achieved so additional measures should be taken
The skills and competencies of Dangote Cement are well tailored to affirm it strategic position and according to Pitt and Koufopoulos (2012), they argued that it is vital for businesses to conduct a periodic analysis of their internal and external business environment in order to identify the threats that it may encounter and to identify opportunities so that resources would be deployed effectively. Also, Hart (1992) posit that every organisation must have an array of resources and competencies for the creation of a competitive edge and Dangote Cement boast of having in its portfolio a wide array of both human and capital resources in addition to competencies which is evident in the type of products
In spite of the local production, cement importation has been high over the years because of the out-dated manufacturing technology, high-interest rates and exchange rate fluctuations. These factors have contributed to the manufacturing overhead both in terms of the high cost of raw materials and other inputs in the manufacturing and distribution process. Also, the easy access and low cost of acquiring an import license in comparison with difficulty in import license acquisition for manufacturing equipment spare parts also discouraged local manufacturing (Mojekwu, Idowu, & Sode, 2013). See table below for the import and local manufacturing trend over time