Sarah Husted
Anth 423
The evolution of allergies in Homo sapiens
As of 2008, approximately 25% of people in the developed world suffer from allergic disorders (Galli, Tsai, Piliponsky, 2008). These disorders can be mild, but they can also be severe. Hay fever, asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis are a few examples of what can be categorized as allergic disorders. The morbidity rates among school aged children in the industrialized world is even higher than in the general population with 40-50% of children susceptible to one or more type of allergy (Pawankar et al., 2011). The pervasiveness of allergies worldwide has risen in the developed world for over 50 years. Many people take medication for their allergies but it can often take years to find a completely effective regime, if ever. For some, allergic disorders can severely disrupt everyday life. With so many suffering from allergies it is no surprise that this area of health has been thoroughly studied. Interestingly enough though, while we do know what happens in the human body during an allergy attack there is still debate as to why we as humans evolved allergic disorders in the first place.
On a biological level, when an allergen enters your system it triggers a Type 2 immune response (Pulendran, Artis, 2012). Th2 cells and IgE antibodies control this type of immune response as opposed to the Th1 and IgM, IgA and IgG used a Type 1 immune response (Palm, Rosenstein, Medzhitov, 2012). Type 2 immune response is
20. Propose a possible reason why there may be a small percentage of people who have a
The increased prevalence of food allergies in school children, the rapid onset of symptoms and potentially fatal nature of anaphylaxis, combined with the high risk of accidental exposure warrants significant action.
Ever since the beginning of our country’s existence we have had this idea that every single person, despite whatever crime they had committed, were citizens regardless. Those citizens have rights, those rights included being innocent until proven guilty, and having the right to a trial by jury. We have fought to protect that last right particularly hard, however, only a very small percentage of cases these days are even seen by juries. So, is a trial by Jury really worth it? Or is it better to have a trial by a single judge? One might be led to think that a bench trial, or trial by judge, is the better option due to the extremely low volume of jury trials. However, that is not the case. Jury trials are better because they are less biased, they are more accurate, and they are fairer than bench trials.
The ironic thing about allergens is that most aren’t harmful to the body, but this doesn’t stop the immune system for mistaking them for foreign bodies, which is why it decides to fight back. Our immune systems are amazing things. They create proteins to fight disease, which are known as antibodies. These antibodies try to battle it out against the antigens. Once our immune system creates certain antibodies, they’ll recognize the same intruders again and protect our bodies automatically year in year
Throughout the play, lady macbeth is shown as an evil, despicable and cunning woman; with great power unlike the woman of her time in the 17th century. her power is shown over macbeth and how she is able to design his decisions to fit perfectly with her blood thrust plan to kill the king of scotland in order to gain supreme power. At the beginning of the play lady macbeth is shown reading a letter from her husband. lady macbeth immediately understands what the letter is as it conveys her partners emotional turmoil.
Edgar All Poe uses literary devices in order to create a pragmatically desolate mood in his short story The Fall of the House of Usher. Poe’s famed melodramatic writing style shines through with his use of idioms in this story; his masterfully described setting also helps to create a feeling of dread and isolation. The story begins with the description of a bleak house surrounded by an unkempt yard complete with rampant bushes, rotten trees, and a putrid tarn. The narrator of the story tells how the bleakness and wildness of the estate has inspired a sense of dread and isolation in him.
“The immune system didn’t evolve for allergy. Why in a hundred billion years of evolution would we evolve a response for allergy?”(Joel Weinstock). Throughout the years, food allergies have been on a dramatic increase in the United States. Allergic reactions are caused by antibodies in the immune system which are also known as immunoglobulins. There are five types of immunoglobulins that are produced to fight antigens, such as, bacteria, toxins, viruses, animal dander, fungus, and cancer cells . Each immunoglobulin fights a different antigen and is found in different parts of the human body. Immunoglobulins help the immune system when an allergen has entered the human body, each of these antibody releases a chemical called histamine, which is produced by the immune system to protect the human body. Histamine is one of the main reasons why allergy symptoms are triggered. Food allergens can cause severe or mild reactions due to an unusual mistake the immune system can make. The immune system usually mistakens a particular substance to be physically harming the human body and in the act to try and protect itself, it releases histamine. There are many reasons why food allergies occur, such as processed foods, genetically engineered proteins in foods, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms can all cause serious food allergies. It all began in 1996 when Genetically Modified Organisms were introduced to our foods. Genetically Modified Organisms are organisms that have been
Asthma is a life-threatening inflammatory ailment of the upper airways that distresses approximately eight to ten percent of the populace, about seven million of the populace distressed with asthma are essentially the children (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Arcangelo and Peterson demarcate asthma as a chronic inflammatory ailment of the airways branded by airways blockage, inflammation, and hyper-responsiveness. The American Academy of Allergy and Immunology {AAAAI}, (2016), indicated that the mainstream children acquire asthma prior the age of five. The impact of asthma on the society is enormous related to arrays of trips to the emergency room, hospitalizations, work and school days absents, and mortality.
Allergen immunotherapy alters the immune system's reaction to causative allergens and induces long-lasting tolerance to these allergens. Subcutaneous immunotherapy has been in
Over the last thirty to forty years, the incidence of atopic diseases has increased. Atopic diseases are considered the “classic allergic” diseases like dermatitis, allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma. Atopy is considered the ability to produce IgE (Immunoglobulin E, which is a type of antibody that can be found in small amounts in the body but plays a major role in allergic diseases) in response to common environmental proteins like house dust mites, grass pollen, and food allergens. This increase in diseases led to research into what may be the cause. Genetic predisposition is a key factor in one’s susceptibility to atopic diseases. However, researchers concluded that this particular increase had occurred in too short of a time frame
When a person who is allergic which reaction occurs to a particular allergen comes into touch with it, an allergic reaction happen. This begins when the allergen (for example,pet) enters the body, triggering an antibody response. The antibodies attach themselves to special cells, including cells called mast cells. When the allergen comes into contact with the antibodies, these cells respond by releasing certain substances, one of which is called histamine.
According to the fundamental burden of allergic rhinitis on global health, Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines have been developed to provide evidence based recommendations for the management of allergic rhinitis and asthma coexistence (2, 6). Physicians’ unawareness and unfamiliarity with guidelines and lack of positive attitude toward application of guidelines have key role in the mismanagement of this disorder (7).
Then, the IgE molecules are differentiated into extremely specific sub-categories. Then, the IgE’s will attach to the allergen and create an antigen-antibody complex. Then, the complex will bind to a mast cell, which provokes the mast cell to release certain chemicals such as histamine and serotonin. This causes allergic symptoms, but I will get into that section later in the paper. An allergic response might lead to anaphylactic shock, a life threatening reaction that will happen in seconds after the initial intake of the allergen.
Anaphylaxis is the medical term for a serious allergic reaction that can start very rapidly and result in death. In the first phase of a severe reaction the immune system has an over reactive response. The immune system can release an excessive amount of histamines into the body as a reaction to an allergen. The overabundance of chemicals can cause the body to go in shock. A second reaction, the biphasic reaction, can happen as long as 12 hours after the first reaction.
Have you ever asked yourself what is the main factor behind all of those irritating allergies? At some point in every person’s life they experience some type of allergy that can range from dust, animals, pollens, food, etc. Some of the symptoms that come along with those allergies can range from a painless skin rash to life-threatening reactions causing ones airway to be obstructed. Some people have suggested that if you are exposed to certain foods or bacteria’s you may develop some type of reaction later in life. Studies show that every 7 years our body’s allergies change causing us to either develop new allergies or some vanish into thin air like they were never there. We are going to get to the bottom of this issue so the real question you should be asking yourself is “Are Genetics responsible for allergies like everyone assumes or is there an underlining cause that we may just not have an answer to what causes them?” In order to prove this theory to be wrong or right research has been conducted on identical and fraternal twins. If both twins contract the same allergy then theories may be right stating that allergies are affected by genetics.