The sporting mega events that were chosen for our analysis was the Summer and Winter Olympics, the World Cup and the Commonwealth Games. These 3 events are the largest mega events in the world, and are excellent representations of sporting mega events as a whole. We wanted to go as far back as our data indexes allowed us to go, which was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, so we made that our starting point. Our goal was to look at all of the bids made for the mega events, and look at a selection of variables influence on their chances of winning. We used data from the year the countries hosted the events (excluding the data used for future events) in order to go as far back as the indexes would allow us. All together we were able to …show more content…
For every observation for events that have not yet occurred such as future Olympics and World Cup’s that has finished the bidding process and selected a host, we had to extrapolate the data from 2016 the best we could. Additionally, for the Freedom of Press ranking, it only went back to 2002, so we had to use the data for 2002 in order to fill in the events that occurred from 1996-2001. Both of these could affect the legitimacy of this study in the future, but for all extrapolations we doubt they will be that much different from our figures.
Independent variables and the tendencies in their descriptive statistics were examined first. Then, we performed a binary logistic regression to assess the combined effects of the independent variables on bid success, and determine what factors are ultimately the most influential on mega event bidding success. We decided to split the descriptive statistics and logistic regression to two separate time periods using the year 2008 as our
An entertainment or sports event, such as the MLB World Series, has a direct economic impact on the city that hosts the event because the city that hosts events such as these has to go through a series of new expenses and spending in order to be prepared for tourists. For instance, if a city is hosting the MLB World Series, the city is expected to have people from other cities, or even other countries looking for a place to stay during that given period of time. Therefore, companies such as hotels have to undergo a certain amount of spending to make sure that they have enough resources to meet the needs of these tourists. Another example, is that when an event such as the Super Bowl in the NFL occurs in a city, there are certain requirements
Sport is a competitive physical activity through casual or organised participants, sport is aimed to improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to to the audiencce. Usually sport is a contest between two oppistions, each attempting to exceed the oppsition. Some sports allow a tie game where as others provide tie-breaking methods to ensure there is one winner and one loser.
Former IOC president Avery Brundage aimed to “separate sport from politics”. Sadly it seems that countries will aim to use their teams as a tool, rather than an example of what they can achieve. This inability to separate sports from politics can be traced back over almost the entire history of the Olympic Games. However, this may be true, but there is a good side to this as well, mainly the countries involved can get lots of support from political and none political sources.
John Kass and Kevin Grier and Tyler Cowen are influential people that have the same opinion that football will end in the future. While they share many of the same key concepts but they have different attitudes of how the sport will end. In John Kass’s article “The End Of Football” appeals to the audience emotions through use of personal experience; however, “What Would The End Of Football Look Like” by Kevin Grier and Tyler Cowen is more persuasive through their credentials and objective.
A third factor that shaped the Modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002 was global marketing. Countries started showing more and more economic interest. Document 5,7, and 9 show how countries in some odd way gained huge amounts of revenue for competing in the Olympics. This gave countries an incentive for hosting, sponsoring, and as well as obviously competing in the games. Document 5 expresses the results that the Tokyo games had on Japan’s economics. The
Last year, the New York Islanders finished with their best regular season in 29 years, collecting 101 points at a 61.6% point percentage before bowing out in the first round of the Stanley Cup playoffs in a tough, hotly contested battle with the Washington Capitals.
It is evident that hosting the Olympics games is no walk in the park. The countries trusted with this task have to spend billions to make the games a reality. Some people believe that the countries, even after spending billions of dollars benefit from the games, while others believe that the money can be spent elsewhere more efficiently. To reach a conclusion, one must study all of the different impacts in all of the different sectors the games have.
Marcus and his team are getting ready for their last few practices, they are playing in the national championship game against the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets. The group of kids on that team have not lost a game ever since they started playing tackle football. “Their starting quarterback ( Shane Kelly ) is supposedly going the Alabama and they are the number one team in the country and I heard he's getting a full scholarship to start for them,” Chris said. “Also James Kelly has a little brother ( James kelly ) He’s a better athlete than his brother and I heard he’s getting offers from Alabama, Oregon, Michigan and Texas A&M, and he’s only a freshman!” Chris shouted.
The Commonwealth Games is an event that the whole country is looking forward to. The opportunities for athletes, sponsors and the community are immeasurable. In this article, we will endeavor to show what benefits there will be, how possible issues will be resolved and what a great experience it will be for all those that attend.
The present-day Olympics are more focused on individual athletes than nations. The media focuses more on the athletes’ achievements in terms of records broken, while the athletes’ focus on the monetary prizes to be won
Marketing plans and strategies are an important part of almost any business today. One of the biggest industries marketing plans have benefited and changed in a number of different ways is the sports industry. The development of the sports marketing industry has led companies to invest millions of dollars to have their product associated with specific teams, players, and sporting events attempting to connect with consumer and create profit for both parties involved. The money involved in sports marketing calls for these sponsorships and endorsement decisions to be made both strategically and confidently. After researching the sports industry from a business perspective the importance of marketing decisions is
There are direct impacts to the environment for every sport event that happened, be it small scale or global. Mega –sport events are progressing every now and then since they are stimulators of major programs of improvement and regeneration for means of expressing the personality and enhancing the status of cities that are holding these events. Mega-sport events are then catalysts of development and change of the venues both in the local and national level (James and Dodours,
The index continued to focus on government constraints on press freedom in general, and this aspect became even more acute with some of the questions, such as the one mentioned above on self-censorship, whose responses changed from a 0-5 scale in 2010 to four possible options:
Table 12 shows a model summary of the logistic regression. This summary determines how much of the variance in the dependent variable can be explained by the variance in the independent variables. Based on the Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.405, it can be assumed that 40.5% of the variance in the outcome of mega event bidding can be explained by the variance in the independent variables we chose to study. This number is lower than ideal for any regression, but is expected due to the human error in an arbitrary decision process surrounding who is chosen to host a mega event. Other variables that are unable to be quantified or are not publicly disclosed such as the effectiveness of a bidding countries’ persuasion of the IOC or FIFA, or the personal relationships members of the governing
Iconic events such as the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and the Super bowl, have a significant relationship with society. Iconic events also have various positive and negative impacts on society. All types of people, cultures and small business owners, living in host city community neighbourhoods, are negatively impacted by neighbourhood refurbishments and being forced to leave. At the same time, iconic events have negative and positive, employment and volunteering implications. Although iconic events can increase employment opportunities for the public, there are sustainability concerns, relating to redundancies after an iconic event. Budgeting cuts in other industries and Olympic branding, severely impact people working in these industries and the individuals, who sell non-licensed products in host cities. Iconic events have various positive impacts, in connection to volunteering. Iconic event volunteering has many positive implications for individuals mentally. At the same time, iconic events provide the opportunity for the public, to improve their education and employment opportunities. Finally, iconic events can increase an individual’s psychic income, by allowing them to experience happiness and joy. They also allow people, to attain a positive perception of their own lives. Simultaneously, iconic events allow people from all cultures and races, to come together and forget about their own personal problems, temporarily. Lastly, community