Abstract
Prediabetes is an intermediate state of hyperglycemia with glycemic parameters above normal but below the threshold of diabetes. While, the diagnostic criteria of prediabetes are not uniform across various international professional organizations, it remains a state of high risk for development of diabetes with annual conversion rate of 5-10%. Observational evidence suggests as association between prediabetes and early complications of diabetes such nephropathy, small fiber neuropathy, retinopathy and risk of macrovascular disease. Several studies have shown efficacy of lifestyle interventions in diabetes prevention with a relative risk reduction of 40-70% in adults with prediabetes. There is an increasing evidence to support the
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While, pre-diabetes is an asymptomatic condition, there is always pre-diabetes before the onset of diabetes. The elevation of blood sugar is a continuum and hence pre-diabetes cannot be considered an entirely benign condition.
DIAGNOSIS OF PRE-DIABETES
Various organizations have defined prediabetes with criteria that are not uniform. According to World Health Organization (WHO), high risk of diabetes is related to two specifically defined states, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 6.1-6.9 mmol/L (110-125 mg/dL) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) defined as postload plasma glucose of 7.8-11.0 mmol/L (140-200 mg/dL) based on a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or a combination of the two (1). The American Diabetes Association (ADA), on the other hand has the same cut-off value for IGT (140-200 mg/dL) but has a lower cut-off value for IFG (100-125 mg/dL) and has additional hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) based criteria of a level of 5.7-6.4% (2). Several studies have shown poor correlation between HbA1c and IFG and IGT (3-5). The usefulness of diagnosis diabetes or pre-diabetes on basis of IFG and IGT have been challenged due to inability of these blood glucose cut points to capture pathology related to diabetes and probability of developing diabetes in future (6). These cut-offs further loose their credibility due to poor reproducibility of these tests in
Extra than 25 million kids and grown-u.S.A.Have diabetes inside the united states and seventy nine million humans are pre-diabetic. Kind 2 diabetes represents ninety-90 5% of all diagnosed diabetes.People with prediabetes have an amplified chance of putting in place kind 2 diabetes, coronary coronary heart disease, and stroke. Tales have tested that individuals with prediabetes who drop some pounds and widen their real diversion can restrict or increase shape 2 diabetes and in a few situations give back their blood glucose ranges to primary.
If you are eligible for Medicare, then you have the right to know, upon request and prior to receiving treatment, the health care facility accepts the Medicare assignment rate as payment in full. The Diabetes Education Program at Broward Health Medical Center can teach you how to live a healthier and more productive life. In order to determine whether or not you have pre-diabetes or diabetes, a physician conducts a Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends the FPG because it is easier, faster and less expensive to perform. With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has
The management of diabetes mellitus (DM) is to eradicate symptoms and to minimize the development of complications (Khardori, 2014).The minimization of microvascular damages involving kidney and eyes can accomplished through managing glycemia and blood pressure (BP) (Khardori, 2014). The minimization of macrovascular damages, for examples: coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, can be achieved by active control of lipids and hypertension (HTN), anticoagulant therapy, and glycemic control. The DM patient should maintain their glucose level close to near-normal levels of 90 to130 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels below 7% (Khardori, 2014). HbA1c should be evaluated every three to six months (Khardori, 2014).The DM patient’s BP should be maintained below 130/80 mm Hg, and even lower for the patient’s with DM nephropathy (Khardori, 2014). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) goal of less than 70 mg/dL in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) or patients with the risk factors for coronary vascular disease (CVD) (Domino & Baldor, 2013).
The cause of prediabetes is a change in your body’s blood sugar levels, going beyond normal, but not high enough to be called diabetes, yet. Blood sugar is also referred to as glucose and it comes from the foods we ingest, using it immediately as energy or storing it for later.
There are many people who are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and who may currently qualify as a pre-diabetic. Risk
Prediabetes is a serious health condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. Despite advances in medical technology, treatments, and diagnoses, uncontrolled diabetes continues to rise in the United States (US) (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2016). Between 2012-2014, 33.9 % of the US population were diagnosed with prediabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). According to the ADA (2016) in 2010 18.8 million of the population was diagnosed with diabetes, 7 million were undiagnosed, compared to 2012 where the numbers continued to increase to 29.1 million. Out of the 29.1 million individuals affected with
Background and Significance: The prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus is increasing in the United States (U.S.) and was estimated to affect 29.1 million Americans in 2012. By the year 2050, it is estimated that one in three U.S. adults will have type II diabetes mellitus. Long-term complications of type II diabetes mellitus include increased morbidity and mortality as a result of macrovascular and microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Several factors including genetics, insulin resistance, and decreased β cell mass can lead to the development of type II diabetes mellitus. Nonetheless, interventions that target the early stages of its pathogenesis (i.e. pre-diabetes)
Prediabetes does not usually present with any symptoms, and approximately 15% to 30% of individuals with pre-diabetes will progress to type 2 diabetes in 5 years if lifestyle changes are not made (CDC, 2015c). Proper lifestyle and behavioral changes, such as eating healthier foods, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight, can reduce a person’s chance of
have a high risk of getting type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes, is a condition in which your blood sugar
Decisions regarding treatment are often based on HbA1c. Although the American Diabetes Association 2003 does not currently recommend HbA1c measurement for the diagnosis of diabetes, studies have shown frequency distributions similar to those of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) used in diagnosing diabetes, HbA1c is a more comprehensive measure of total glycaemic exposure than FPG due to the representation of blood glucose in the postprandial state in
Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterised by the body’s inability to produce insulin or the ineffective use of insulin present in the body. The major classifications include type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (Day, Paul, & Williams, 2016). While early signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus may be present in individuals, the healthcare provider must perform several diagnostic tests in order to properly diagnose the disease and come up with a plan of treatment. There are a variety of serum glucose tests available to help diagnose prediabetes and diabetes
Randomized controlled trials have shown that the duration of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus are critical factors in influencing cardiovascular health.[7] Individuals with a high risk of developing diabetes mellitus, such as those
In 2012, 86 million Americans 20 years and older had prediabetes. This is an increase from 79 million in 2010 (American diabetes association, n.d.). Diabetes ranks seventh among the leading causes of deaths in the United States (Healthy people 2020, 2014). Most people do not know how deadly this disease can be. Weight loss is a primary goal towards preventing this disease. There are many companies today that introduce medications, and diet plans that promise instant weight loss. These techniques are not always effective and that can be very expensive. There is one way that is inexpensive and has been proven to reduce and control weight, exercise! Exercise is the most offered suggestion by doctors to prevent adult onset diabetes. People
Zhang et al. (2012) discuss the use of hemoglobin A1C as a diagnostic tool for diabetes and pre-diabetes. Their study explains the adoption in 2010 of the hemoglobin A1C test as a diagnostic tool by the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organization. Their study shows that hemoglobin A1C testing can be used together with glucose level monitoring to diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults. They identify some advantages of the hemoglobin A1C test in that it acts as a biological marker and so maybe able to detect changes better than periodic testing tools. There is also no need to undergo fasting prior to the test. This aspect of the hemoglobin A1C test has important nursing implications because it will make it more convenient for people to opt for this screening tool, which will place added demands on the nursing staff for administering the test. Individuals are typically diagnosed for diabetes when the hemoglobin A1C level is 6.5% or above.
, so is very important to magnitude the prediabetes state to use the preventive intervention strategies RECMMENDED BY American Diabetes Association (ADA) to prevent or delay progression from prediabetes to diabetes mellitus.