In pieces of classical writing, including Euripides’ and Sophokles’ Greek tragedies, as well as the more personal, philosophical writings of Seneca, Cicero, and Plutrach, the consolation of loss is deeply interwoven with myth and drama. The idea of the consolatio focuses on a sense of survival and endurance of grievers, and the role that friends and loved ones play in this survival through comfort. The underlying theme in these tragedies is that the feeling is universal, and in no way experienced alone, and this paper will explore this concept beginning with Greek tragedy, focusing on how these stories can console the reader, and their exploration into the loneliness of grief. To elaborate on the Roman perspective, the techniques of Seneca and Cicero’s writings are shown to reflect and emulate these Greek ideas, demonstrating consolatio through examples of myth and universal truths to reveal an overall similarly minded approach to consolation in Greece and Rome.
Perhaps understandably, consolatio appears most dramatic in Greek Tragedy – for example, in Euripides Trojan Women, when Hecuba is grieving, it is evident that she is being validated or given permission to grieve by a woman: “our bitter sorrow,/earth will now receive./ Mourn, O mother” (Euripides, Trojan Women, 1227-29). Without this confirmation that Hecuba’s grief has been recognised, received and permitted, Hecuba has no reason to stop publicly grieving. It is also significant in that this permission (Euripides, Trojan Women, 1227-29) is given by another woman, who would have appeared to the Greek audience as someone who could understand Hecuba’s grief, given woman’s primary role as mother, as this loss also means a loss of purpose in society. This is further emphasized in The Suppliant Women, wherein the chorus expresses grief through explaining that they would have grieved had they never married and had children, “But now that my dear son is taken from me/ my suffering is not imaginary; it is real” (The Suppliant Women, 787-92). These lines reflect the fact that although grieving what has been lost is more powerful than the pain of having nothing to lose, when these women lose their sons, they are also losing their purpose they once had. This
There are many lessons that can be learned from reading Homer's The Iliad. One of which is understanding the stages of grief. One can literally watch Achilles go through all five stages when he morns the death of his comrade Patroclus. Achilles moves through Denial and Isolation, Depression, Anger, Bargaining and Acceptance in the short time after his close friends death.
A “tragedy, for Shakespeare, is the genre of uncompensated suffering” (Dutton and Howard, 2003, p. 9). To really understand the play Othello is to truly understand a tragedy; thus, this researcher will analyze Aristotle’s view point and compare it to phrases (or quotes) from Shakespeare’s Othello.
Yes, Hero will suffer. Hero must suffer. I hate her. I pray with all of my heart that she burns in the fires of embarrassment; that she is captured in the inescapable traps of shame; that she is driven by madness to take her life. My bitter heart hopes that she loses her sanity and brings dishonour upon her family and leaves her father in tears, questioning himself repeatedly: ‘Where did I go wrong?’
Even as he suffers, the parallel of his grief to that of the woman’s dissipates for we are privy to the knowledge that Odysseus is likely to have once been a man who cut down the father of another home. Though the language of grief is universal, spreading itself to Odysseus in likeness, the application of it remains ironic because the self-pursuant and capable hero persists in the blindness that his own hands brought about the same pain in many
In the works of Greek and Roman literature many aspects of their writings are similar. For example, in both Greek and Roman literature universality is stressed which means that we are only moved by the fall of the heroes in their plays because we can relate to their situations and project ourselves into similar circumstances. I believe that is completely true, only through the fall of our heroes we see ourselves in the characters. Before their downfalls, we don’t see us in them because they seem basically perfect. Since none of us are perfect it is only when they make mistakes leading to their downfall we see that the heroes are like us.
Is there a way to measure love? If so, are there any symptoms? In the play The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet written by world-renowned playwright William Shakespeare, two love-stricken protagonists, Romeo and Juliet, are kin to the Montagues and Capulets respectively, which are two powerful households engaged in a feud. Romeo and Juliet become enamored of each other during the early stages of the play even though they are aware of their families’ ongoing dispute. Unbeknownst to their families, Romeo and Juliet are married by Friar Lawrence, Romeo’s trustworthy crony and role model. However, the Capulets have planned for Juliet’s marriage with a noble kinsman, County Paris, which assays Juliet’s dedication toward Romeo. After facing a venereal
Portions of modern society believe fate to be concrete and unchanging. However, in ancient times, it was believed to be influenced and guided by the actions of the gods. Similarly, in The Iliad by Homer, the actions of the gods influence the life, death, and fate of each and every individual. Gods such as Zeus, Athena and Apollo take great influence in human affairs in The Iliad. These actions cause life, death, sorrow, and triumph to befall various individuals of the story. Achilles’ fate results, solely, from these actions the gods undertake. In particular, the gods influence on Achilles’ fate shows when the gods keep Achilles from killing Agamemnon, staying out of the war, and holding onto his rage.
In the Poetics, Aristotle provides an outline of how the artist is to portray or represent the perfect Tragedy. A Tragedy, of course, was nothing more than a drama, in which the characters appeared "better" than in real life (in a comedy, they appeared "worse," according to Aristotle). Aristotle's Poetics makes several references to other dramatic works to illustrate his points, but he most commonly calls upon The Odyssey to support his argument for how a dramatic structure should be designed. However, along with the Odyssey, Aristotle extensively references Sophocles' Oedipus Rex. Both poetic works were enormously popular in their time (the former had been passed down orally for generations, and the latter won the top prizes at the dramatic festivals). Therefore, Aristotle is comfortable using both to support his viewpoint concerning Tragedy and the Tragic Hero. This paper will analyze the standards that Aristotle sets out concerning the definition of the Tragic Hero and show how Sophocles' Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle's definition of a Tragic Hero.
Tragic Greek dramas featured tragic heroes, mortals who suffered incredible losses as a result of an inescapable fate or bad decisions. According to Aristotle, a tragic hero is a character, usually of high birth, which is pre-eminently great, meaning they are not perfect, and whose downfall is brought about by a tragic weakness or error in judgment. The three Greek heroes Oedipus, Medea and Agamemnon, who each killed a member of their family, carry most of the qualities that make up a tragic hero: being of noble birth, being surrounded by an extraordinary circumstance, and gaining self-awareness or some kind of knowledge through their downfall. There is an important need for the audience to identify with the Aristotelian hero through
One of the main themes in Greek tragedies is that through suffering there is knowledge to be gained. Greek tragedies focused on popular myths and beliefs, especially in relation to the mythical powers of the gods. The plays read in class show how knowledge is gained through suffering in relation to: the hubris and stubbornness seen by Creon in Antigone, the attempt of trying to change fate seen through Oedipus in Oedipus Rex, and the consequences of disastrous flaws demonstrated by the character Pentheus in the Bacchae.
In reading texts that describe the mythical story of the Trojan War, it would be difficult to ignore the tragedy that the story emanates in its character’s actions and their consequences. Homer’s Iliad explores the tragedy of Achilles, whose preoccupation with glory has its tragic consequences of death and grief. It also shows the War’s resounding effect on those outside of the battlefield and the families of the warriors, as does Euripides’ Women of Troy, reflecting on family as the unforeseen victims of war. Furthermore, the play Rhesus is shown to give a more elaborated perspective of tragedy for individual characters. An examination of the Trojan War from the Trojan and Roman perspective further reveals tragedy on both sides. The gods’
Tragedy can either be the darkest part of life for one person or it can be a learning opportunity for the other person. Of all the tragedies written in the literate, “Oedipus the King” written by ‘Sophocles’ is one of the oldest and the most prominent tragedy written till date. It is the story of the king, who is brutally left to die by his own parents, luckily survived, unknowingly killed his own father and married his mother. Although this story was written 2000 years ago, but it still has a great significance in the modern world. Of the most powerful tragedies of the time, “Oedipus the king” discloses such values and situations as parental aggression, child abandonment, self-confidence, ability to handle trauma, and parent-child intimate relationship that people are struggling with in today’s world. Sophocles reveals these behaviours and incidents through the actions of Oedipus.
In order to gain a proper perspective on the concept of what a tragic hero is, we must synthesize information from the following play’s, “The Death Of A Salesman”, and “Oedipus The King”. Both plays takes the stance on the idea that validates the ultimate notion, “tragic hero. From Willy’s hubris personality to his questionable and mysterious death, to Oedipus dynamic and complex choices and kingly personality that determines his fate. A tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgement that leads to his/her downfall. In other words, even though both characters made incredible contributions and left a very noble legacy, their choices and decisions determined their ultimate fate. In today’s world tragic heroes are commonly present,
By definition tragic heroes can be considered one who is held up high by society for the good deeds they bring, but is then slowly or quickly taken away from that grace and placed in a world far below what they were originally. An example of this is the excerpt and the tragedy of Oedipus the king. The play shows that the faults humanity can fall through when put into a very stressful situation. Oedipus is a tragic hero because he wants to improve the lives of his citizens, he has a major human flaw of being impulsive and easily irritable, Oedipus takes more punishment than what the play told, his life and fate was not fully under his control, and he makes a vast realization with an equal amount of change.
In the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus struggles to accept the truth and lets his temper over power him. He can be displayed as a tragic hero. His refusal to accept the truth led to Oedipus’ down fall. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, “is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.” Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero.