Chemistry Natural Waters Lab

In the Chemistry of Natural Waters Lab we were to collect a sample of water, ranging from a fountain, stream, bottle, or tap water. After we collected the samples we all did many tests to see what the hardness was for each one. Water hardness is determined by the amount of Calcium and Magnesium in the water.(2) Water that has more Calcium or Magnesium is considered to be harder than water with less of those two elements. When you use soap and detergent, this is where you see water hardness coming into play in everyday life when you are washing things.

The Results from ETDA (table 7) show that tap water Mifflin Hall (400 ppm) is hardest than the four other water samples. It is followed by tap water Harleysville (340 ppm), well Water Wyckoff (320 ppm), Stream Water Raleigh (110 ppm) and Tap water Yosemite (80 ppm). This order supports my hypothesis. Tap water Yosemite is relatively soft compared to the other water samples. I have predicted my sample to be the hardness and tap water Yosemite to be the softest. Also, these results support my hypothesis in the assumption that they show that stream water Raleigh is moderately hard as expected. Nevertheless, I expected tap water Yosemite to be relatively soft but the data show that it is moderately hard. In fact, I assumed that tap water Yosemite would be slightly hard because in California ground water is stored in alluvium. They are made up of loose gravel, sands, and silts and they contain a very low concentration of divalent cations. Maybe the fact that rocks vary from the state of California due to the difference in geology might

Having a hard water with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions at home could be an annoying thing for many people. When hard water is heated the minerals in it precipitate out including the Ca+ and Mg+2 ions, these mineral start to form a coat on shower doors, bath tops, soap scums which result of addition of soap to hard water and people will find difficulty cleans with soap since hard water lose some affections in dissolving soaps as soaps get mixing with ions and less soap will be dissolving. As a response of this hard water problems water softener came to the market. Water softener works by exchange the hard water ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ with slats such as Na+ and k+ this way the hard water ions will be reduced or eliminated leading to better water quality [2].

Please briefly describe the different types of water pollution mentioned throughout the "Poisoned Waters" video. Fertilizers, Nitrogen and Phosphorous caused algae which poisoned the waters. It caused a dead zone. The farmers who own chickens was allowing the manure to pollute the water. The humans race is all responsible as we pollute our water by throwing garbage into it. Soap, household cleaning agents, toothpaste, and other plastic, lubricant and fuels are all poisoning our water.

The cases does not give any specific issues to be solved by any specific individual,the detail description of Ray Burnett’s day on job is to apprise the readers of the kind of issues involved in selling the HPLC instruments and related products. It also highlights the concerns of salesman about the targets,

Within the first part of this lab with creating a 0.500 M solution, it is important and necessary to use deionized water. This is because any other source of water, like tap water, has electrolytes such as fluoride and calcium which will affect the solution because it will not be pure sodium and chlorine ions within the solution. When creating the solution of NaCl, the deionized water must be added to NaCl. This is because if the NaCl was added to the 1.0 L of deionized water, then there is the possibility of going over the 1.0 L mark on the volumetric flask which will mean that the solution is not a 0.500 M solution of NaCl or the desired concentration. If there is still NaCl on the bottom of the flask that does not dissolve, that is a problem

The first method, distillation, is the process of heating water to its boiling point, collecting the steam, and condensing the purified water vapor. The process is usually repeated a few times to ensure success in purification (Ocean Water Desalination). Distillation uses the property of higher boiling points in salts than in pure water. Possible contaminants that require removal for safe water consumption could include bacteria, lead, mercury, sodium, and chlorine. After boiling the water, water vapor moves through a series of tubes to a separate container where the heat source is removed, and the water is able to condense, now purified. Some strengths of distillation include the removal of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead and mercury, the removal of hardening agents such as calcium and phosphorus, and the removal of bacteria from water by heating. This elimination of bacteria is especially helpful in developing countries due to the increased risk of contamination because of unsanitary conditions. In this process, consideration needs to be given for adequate resources and infrastructure to deliver purified water to the general population of underdeveloped areas. A few disadvantages exist in that distillation does not remove chlorine and is relatively ineffective as the input is about five times the output (Water Treatment Alternatives -

Pipets: A pipet is a plastic slender tube attached to a bulb that is used for transferring and taking the mass of liquids. The bulb is squeezed, the tube put into the liquid, and then the bulb is

Discussion: The volume of water can be measured in several different ways. This experiment uses pipets, burets, and a calculation to compare and analyze the accuracy of each measurement. When measuring water volume with a buret, first fill the clean buret with water and record the initial reading. Then mass an empty beaker and record this mass.

There is a water crisis which faces many parts of the world and it is a threat to survival of human beings since humans are primarily dependent on water. Shortage in drinking water is beginning to show its effects in first world countries, but is a current major problem facing lesser developed countries which have not taken drastic steps to harvest water and purify it to make it safe for human consumption. In developed countries the population growth has strained available water resources and stretched the ability of governments and private firms to provide safe drinking water to the vast majority of the population. Seventy one percent of

Background Information – I decided to conduct this laboratory experiment, because I lived in Beaufort, SC. There is a beach in Beaufort and as a child I would pick up shells on the seashore. My family always went to the beach growing up, and I thoroughly enjoyed it. It is a good vacation spot and a place for people to have fun. Seeing the sea life is a part of the experience when going to the beach. The increasing ocean acidification is worrying, because it harms sea life that have calcium carbonate shells. One day the shells will be dull in color and brittle, because the calcium carbonate has been eroded by acidic water. Anthropogenic emissions that are released into

Density is a measurement of how matter is in a certain volume/object. It is basically the compactness of an object. If the molecules are closer to each other, therefore it’s denser. If you compare a cuboid Styrofoam and a cuboid metal, the metal would weigh heavier because it is denser. The denser the object, the heavier the object and the tighter the molecules are.

To ensure that the Animas River returns to its original state and the drainage from the Gold King Mine is cleaned up, we believe that a high density sludge process should be used. We believe the most effective high density sludge process is the health steele process. This process works by first mixing the sludge with lime in a tank so that the water can return to it’s original ph. Once the water reaches a safe ph for drinking, it reaches the lime reactor where air is added to ensure the water doesn’t change when exposed to air. Once the water leaves the lime reactor it is transported to the floc tank, where the remaining contaminated particles are removed from the drinking water. The final step is when the water reaches the clarifier and is sent back out to the river, as a healthy drinking water.

All around the world, countries are fighting to keep their drinking water clean. Whether it’s streams, rivers, or lakes, countries have taken great measures to maintain high quality drinking water for both human consumption and animal consumption. Countries must first understand the sources of the polltion, then determine the best methods to eliminate the pollution. Clean drinking water is a valuable resource and a the key to human survival. Plants and animals also depend on water for their growth, so all water must be kept clean. The major contributors to water pollution can be classified in three categories, industrial, agricultural and municipal.

Water hardness can be determined in many ways. EDTA titrations and atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AA) are the most