INTRODUCTION
There has always been a persistent hustle between reality and its abstractions. Seldom do we find that a model aimed at capturing a portion of reality has provided both accurate and consistent results. Such a friction between reality and a proposed model of it can also be found in the case of China’s credit policy. The People’s Bank of China (PBoC) fixed the exchange rate of the yuan to the US dollar in the middle of the 1990s. In spite of the currency turmoil and depreciation during the Asian crisis, the Yuan Renminbi (RMB) was held at 8.28 to a dollar although there was a 50% depreciation. After 2005 the RMB exchange rate was only allowed to appreciate on tiptoes at 5% a year to the dollar before the Great Financial Crisis
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The foreign reserved of China is valued at $3.8 billion that is highly attributable to the foreign exchange policy adopted by People’s Bank of China. There is a need for a different theory to provide reasonable explanation for the persistence of Chinese monetary regime despite the fact that there is a negative correlation between the growth of foreign exchange reserves and money supply.
‘Compensation Theory’ proposed by Lavoie and Wang can chip in as a better substitution for the problem at hand. According to this view, a central bank is able to offset a rise in the money supply by different operations on its balance sheet other than inverted open market operations. Thus a direct consequence of this can be inability to increase money supply through acquisition of net foreign assets which will therefore leave the price level unaltered. This theory is of the view that central bank’s compensation of net foreign assets growth is disjoint from the changes in the price level. These changes are more dependent on credit than on money.
CREDIT POLICY IN CHINA
All the financial resources being allocated according to a budget may be regarded as an extreme form of policy lending under the Chinese planning system. Budgetary funds were to be utilized to finance Chinese investment and production. Thus, policy lending was one of the main instruments of financing economic growth and development. The importance of policy directed lending for China 's overall economic growth and
China has seen massive economic growth in the past few decades. Since its reopening in the 1970s, the country has begun trading and buying foreign currencies with western nations like the United States. When the housing crisis which began to unravel in 2007 really hit the American economy hard, China was more than happy to step in and put up funding to help keep the American economy, one of its biggest customers, in a delicate balance. Unfortunately, the American economy has been incredibly slow to recover from the last major recession. As such, it has increased its dependence on Chinese funding to back American debt.
Central banks intervene in foreign exchange markets by “influencing the monetary funds transfer rate of a nation’s currency” with the purpose of building reserves, keeping the exchange rate stable, to correct imbalances, to avoid volatility and keep credibility. It implies changing the value of a currency against another one. It creates demand or supply of a currency by buying or selling the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market. (Foreign Exchange Intervention)
China, the largest growing market in the world, currently has a policy regarding monetary regulation that allows the Yuan to “float”. This has seen the Yuan appreciate by approximately 24% over the past few years. Today, the exchange rate between the Chinese Yuan and the American Dollar is approximately 6.3 Yuan to 1 Dollar. Some argue that China should revalue the Yuan again the dollar, establishing a more fixed exchange rate. Others believe that current should allow
1. What are the implications of China’s exchange rate policy on doing business with and “against” China?
Trench Warfare is a type of fighting were both sides build deep trenches as defense against the enemy of the whatever side they are going against. It was definitely most commonly used during world war 1 one when all of the battles happened, there are many horrors to trench warfare because it was a great topic during this war and through it many soldiers experienced trench warfare.
“Out of suffering have emerged the strongest souls; the most massive characters are seared with scars” (Kahlil Gibran). Some of the strongest characters are a result of suffering. Edwidge Danticat describes some of the worst cases of suffering in her writing. In one of her books, Krik? Krak! , a collection of short stories, Danticat uses juxtaposition to create a series of troubled characters that in turn help create an overall mood of suffering. Three specific examples of characters that best display being troubled to create an overall sense of suffering in Krik?
These effective strategies helped Hong Kong overcome the financial crisis. All these facts fully demonstrated that China is a responsible big country. After the Asia financial crisis, the importance of China's economy has been brought into focus; China's neighboring countries have begun to recognize the influence of the Renminbi.
Secondly, the fixed dollar-pegged exchange rate system and monetary policy, the independence of the existence of a fundamental conflict, undermine the effectiveness of monetary policy cannot meet the needs of economic development. Monetary policy autonomy is essential for China’s macroeconomic stability; monetary policy should take precedence over the independence of significant exchange rate stability. But the Yuan against the U.S. dollar exchange
Since the financial tsunami and the bankruptcy of Lehman’s Brother in September 2008, the world’s economy took a deep plunge and the Chinese economy is no exception. In the wake of the global financial crisis, The Economist (2008) reported that China’s real GDP growth slowed to 9 percent in the third quarter of 2008 and export growth slowed to 21.1%. It was, in fact, well below analyst expectations and recent
Finally given the slowing economy in Asia the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has reclassified the yuan. Previously the IMF considered it to be “substantially undervalued” compared to other currencies. The IMF has softened its tone toward the Chinese yuan and it is now considered “moderately undervalued”. This new designation makes it harder for the United States government to make a case against and therefore policies to target the imports based on the Chinese yuan. (Davis, 2012)
In recent years, China’s balance of payments always keeps “double favorable balance”. In 2005, China’s national economy developed quickly and stably. The exchange rat of RMB became more flexible. The current account surplus increased obviously and the capital account surplus decreased. The foreign exchange reserve still increased quickly. In 2005, Chinese government did some fiscal policy and monetary policy. Such as decreased government expense, raise the tax rate, used managed floating system, improve the foreign exchange management, enlarged the foreign exchange market. We can conclude that china’s BOP will still keep “double favorable balance” and keep
Stereotypes, specifically gender stereotypes, are deeply ingrained and implanted in society. These stereotypes, greatly affect the outlook of both men and women in our greater society, as a whole. The research that has been conducted presents results from an inferential statistic analysis that answers the following question: Are there active gender stereotypes displayed in TV commercials?
The US and Europe felt that the RMB was undervalued for several reasons. One reason is that China’s exports had dramatically increased, growing 30% from 2004 to 2005, making China the third largest exporter in the world and accounting for
With China's deepening Opening Up and economic restructure adjustment and the continuous appreciation of RMB in recent years, the
The purpose of this essay is to show how the economy of China has, and is changing, becoming the second largest economy in the world today. Although China is currently under the leadership of Xi Jinping, this essay will concentrate primarily on the actions undertaken by then President Mao Zedong, followed by then President Deng Xiaoping, (sans mention of Hua Guofeng). Given the relative infancy of Xi’s assumption of power, economic policies still remain largely rhetorical in form. Likewise, the majority of literature concerning economic policies under Xi are largely speculative, often citing strategies and ambitions as opposed to thereby, lacking a solid basis for rational induction In addition to China’s lack of transparency, In addition, it will be shown that the methodology behind the Chinese economy demonstrates the implementation of varying levels of the characteristics associated with the schools of Realism, Marxism and Liberalism. Thus, China’s approach to global trade in the 21st Century is pluralistic, testamentary to the failed economic