The purpose of the Bioinformatics/Molecular Evolution lab is to explore a particular protein given to us by its amino acid sequence. By entering this protein into the Entrez Protein Database in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and using tools within this database such as Jpred, SMART, and Protoparm, the given protein could be fully analyzed. This experiment was very successful as our particular protein could be identified, and the tools within the NCBI database allowed us to fully analyze both chemical and physical aspects of this protein.
Bioinformatics combines both aspects of biology and key components of computer science. When it comes to DNA, the smaller molecules that make up DNA, along with the sequence of these
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In addition, it has many cofactor binding sites such as Mg and Zn and interacts non-covalently with metal ions.5
This particular protein of interest is made up of 524 amino acids. When further analyzing this protein, the Jpred results displayed in Figure 2 give a further understanding of the secondary structure of this protein. It is apparent that the secondary structure of alkaline phosphatase, tissue non-specific isozyme isoform 1-precursor contains primarily alpha helices, yet also contains a few beta sheets. The figure displays the alpha helices by long, red tube like figures and the beta sheets as green arrows. Because this figure contains many more long red tubes than green arrows, it is apparent that the secondary structure contains mostly alpha helices. What results in the secondary structure of a protein is the regular pattern of hydrogen bonding between the N-H from the peptide and the C=O groups of the amino acids. These two structures that result in the hydrogen bonding are found relatively close to one another within the linear sequence. Within this regular pattern of hydrogen bonding is where the alpha helices and beta sheets are found. What primarily makes up the secondary structure of our studied protein, alkaline phosphatase, tissue non-specific isozyme isoform 1-precursor, are alpha helices. Alpha helices are rod-like structures that are stabilized as a result of the hydrogen bonds between the N-H and the C=O groups found among the main
This technique separates Rubisco samples based on their size. The electrophoresis has a positive and a negative end. Positive charge proteins are loaded from the positive end and migrate towards the negative end. Negative charge proteins are loaded from the negative end and migrate towards the positive end (Sakthivel & Palani, 2016). The sample that contained the highest molecular weight of Rubisco will travel the shortest distance on the gel while the protein with the smallest molecular weight will travel the longest distance (Sakthivel & Palani, 2016). The size proportion of each Rubisco molecule correlates with the distance traveled. Rubisco will be in its purest form after running through SDS-page since each technique will increase the purity of the protein. If the salting out, the ion exchange and the SDS-page protein isolation techniques are performed on protein Rubisco, then it is purified and separated by solubility, charge, and size. The rationale of this experiment is to isolate the purest form of Rubisco so that it can perform carbon fixation at an optimal
The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids, the biuret reaction tests for protein. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a sample then a few drops of copper sulphate solution, if positive – the solution will turn mauve. There are 20 different amino acids and they can be joined in any order. Therefore there can be many different functions. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains (a polypeptide chain being multiple amino acids joined together via condensation, producing a peptide bond). Different proteins have different shapes as the shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids.
A protein has multiple existing structures, these are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures which occur progressively. A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids which are bonded adjacently, and interact with one another in various ways depending on the R group that the amino acid contains. There are 20 different amino acids which are able to be arranged in any given order, thus giving rise to a potential 2.433x1018 (4.s.f) different combinations, and therefore interactions between the various amino acids.
“In the 2013 NCAA tournament Louisville player Kevin Ware suffered a horrific injury to his lower right leg while attempting to block an opposing player’s shot. Six months later, Ware was healed and back to practicing. He was lucky (Patterson)”. Over the years in college, college athletes are going into debt on behalf of them not being paid to play in sports events. College athletes are in need for money when they don’t have enough to pay for food or clothes.
The structure of an enzyme as protein has a primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structure. The primary structure of an enzyme, like any protein, is the order of its amino acids. The secondary structure involves alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Alpha helices are a coil that is formed by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid. Beta pleated sheets are formed by hydrogen bonding between two or more parts of the polypeptide chain that are side by side. The tertiary structure contains disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Disulfide bridges are the result of two sulfhydryl groups interacting because the the folding of the protein. Ionic bonds can form between polar groups on amino acids. Hydrophobic interactions are the cluster of amino acids with nonpolar side chains that is commonly seen in proteins. Hydrogen bonds can also form. The quaternary structure of an enzyme is when multiple proteins are bonded together in one complex made of proteins subunits.
DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.
For the second part of the experiment, one had to use the knowledge learn from viewing protein molecules in FirstGlance in Jmol to analyze the protein PDB ID: 4EEY. The analysis of this protein was done using the RSCB protein data bank (PDB) at (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do).2
Cherie, I love and enjoy your respond. Also, I agree with you a 100% on how much we rely on DNA in our current cases. The reason why I love DNA is that you can’t miss it. It is reliable and can’t be mistaken for someone else’s DNA. I also agree that there is no difference between fingerprints and DNA. They are both a great source of identification in any case. We are always looking for great employment opportunities. It is difficult to find a job nowadays and that could help greatly as well. DNA analysis is expensive; however, it can save a lot of money and time down the road with different expenses such as cutting time down on investigating different crimes. It is always important to find the offender as quick as possible not only to prevent
Logos is used because it blatantly points out that smoking is bad for people’s health. In many areas of the world, this is general knowledge. Smoking is generally seen as being very damaging to the body and having a negative view towards it, unlike past decades were smoking was accepted and even encouraged.
Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.
The Blackburn Committee decide which student is the most qualified and most deserves the Covington Scholarship.
Molecular biology also has a lot to do with evolution. Molecular biology (DNA) is the study of DNA. DNA is found in our cells. DNA is who we are. DNA can be traced back using advanced technology. Using this we can compare and contrast the differences in DNA from past species to present species.
Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).
My Undergraduate degree of Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field covering biosciences, biochemistry, mathematics, probability and statistics, biophysics and computer science. Subjects as varied and seemingly disconnected as these being studied together helped me understand that biology is developing into something more than pure life sciences. When I was in school, my 9th and 10th grade biology teacher, Mr. Samuel, recognized my passion for biology and encouraged me to pursue it. I have always enjoyed my math classes too and wondered if there was a way to connect both subjects. I discovered Computational Biology to be the perfect embodiment of this idea. The roots of the field lie in Biology and branching out of it are the applications of mathematics and computer science to understand the subject in a completely different way. Having knowledge in various fields certainly makes the job easier, as we know which field can cater to what part of the solution. I imagine every disease to be
Transition metals, such as iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt, play vital roles in numerous