Throughout history, incest, or consanguineal mating, has largely been considered taboo in cultures around the world. This belief may not simply be culturally motivated, but evolutionarily advantageous and biologically enforced. Despite this, in multiple cultures, the prestige of royalty and nobility seem to outweigh this fundamental virtue. Nowhere is this more true than in ancient Egypt, where members of the royal family were encouraged to marry and mate with close relatives, even siblings or parents. How did the ancient Egyptian pharaohs fair the negative repercussions of an incestual bloodline? While grandiose archeological findings may indicate that the nobility of ancient Egypt lived a spectacularly lavish lifestyle and were revered as gods, this romantic viewpoint often overlooks the underlying biological truth - noble bloodlines were often ravaged by congenital disease, a consequence of their consanguineal pairings. Consanguineous marriages, both in the past and in the modern day, are dangerous practice because offspring resulting from these pairings are often afflicted with congenital disorders and birth defects. The reason why this occurs can be found in Mendelian genetics. Samia Temtamy and Mona Aglan, in their study of consanguinity and genetic disorders in modern Egypt, state that “The majority of birth defects arise as a consequence of homozygosity for recessive traits” (Temtamy and Aglan 2012: 13). When two people that are closely genetically related mate, it
A woman becoming Pharaoh had been almost unheard of in ancient Egypt until Hatshepsut was born. Hatshepsut was the second daughter of the pharaoh, Thothmes I. After her sister, Neferu-khebit, died, Hatshepsut was the next heir to the throne unless a male married her and became Pharaoh. After Thothmes passed away, Hatshepsut fearfully, yet confidently, claimed the throne and commenced one of the most successful She-Pharaoh reigns ever recorded. Pauline Gedge’s Child of the Morning explained the social, political, economic, and cultural aspects of ancient Egypt’s society during Hatshepsut’s reign as Queen and Pharaoh.
2. What does consanguineous mean? Why is this concept especially important when discussing recessive genetic disorders?
Children are treasured and considered as the focal point of the Egyptian family. During the child early years, they are expected
Fortunately, today the consequences of incest and inbreeding are well known to the public. Works Cited Assaf, Zoe. " Understanding Genetics. " Understanding Genetics.
The 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt was a chiefly patriarchal society. It was a civilization in which femininity and power were not even considered remotely connected, because women were not viewed as equals to men (Cooney 227). Consequently, women lived very restricted lives, because it was thought that their place was in the household, away from the public eye and even elite
Two widely known ancient civilizations in history are those of the Greeks and the Egyptians. Both are famous in their history and favored by many. Each of these civilizations were built from the ground up, and they developed their own culture, practices, religions, and architectures. Although these two civilizations are similar in having this development, they differ significantly in each of these aspects of life. In this essay, we will observe the similarities and differences of Greek and Egyptian religion, as well as their attitudes towards women in this time.
Rameses the Great and all the mighty Pharaohs of the Theban dynasties inherited the throne in the right of their maternal descent. The queen was often of purer royal blood than her husband, whose claim to the throne she legitimized. In religious terms, the queen was the embodiment of the goddesses Hathor and Mut. Full-blooded royal princesses, also called daughters of the god, not only legitimized half-brother or an unrelated candidate’s claim to rule, they actually took the reins of government. Ancient Egypt was a unique example of a society.
It seems that throughout history, the words royalty and incest have gone hand in hand. Familial interbreeding occurred throughout a significant number of royal lines, including the British, Hawaiian, and Japanese thrones. However, none of these families, nor any other royal family for that matter, can match the profound rate at which the Egyptians practiced incest.
produce their children with the help of science and the genes of both parents. As science
had occurred in members of 2 sibships related as first cousins once removed. Although autosomal recessive
Egyptian women were fortunate in that they were equal to men as far as the law was concerned. They could own property, borrow money, initiate divorce, and many other things unheard of in the Greek civilization. The Egyptian royal line was matriarchal, meaning that royalty was passed down from mother to son. The Greeks, in comparison, were patriarchal, meaning control was passed from father to son. It was also necessary for a man to marry a woman of royalty in order to become a Pharaoh. Because of this, it was common for brothers to marry sisters. Sometimes, women were even known to become a Pharaoh. There are at least four documented female Pharaohs with the most notable being Hatshepsut (1479-1458 B.C.) (McKay 2009). Hatshepsut, though a very powerful ruler, was often times depicted in men’s clothing and with a false beard (McKay 2009). This shows that even though women were much more important in Egyptian society, there was still a stigma around women leaders.
A good example of this is the Amish population. The Amish settlement are a very small isolated sample of the larger population that exist in North America. With the Amish there is a lack of genetic variation and this due to the small mating population within these small settlements. The Amish tend to marry within their settlement. With these types of marriages taking place and when reproduction happens there is a greater likelihood that recessive gene will merge in the cells of their newborn children. Recessive gene disease requires two copies of the mutated gene to cause the disease and will be seen more frequently in these closed populations. A recessive gene disease that affect the Amish is Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Polydactyly is a symptom of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and can cause extra finger or toes to grow on the affect person. This syndrome is common seen within the older Amish settlements located in
When analyzing ancient Egyptian love songs, what I firstly noted was that the concept of love was not stereotyped in being predominantly a masculine or a feminine concept. Both men and woman expressed their emotions of both pain and joy throughout (Fowler 1994:30). However, some contrast does exist in a few songs in that girls are portrayed as being more assertive, more dominant and taken more initiative than boys (Fowler 1994:40). This is clear as boys are never portrayed in addressing their loved one in the second person, rather in the third person and also, does not initiate action but rather sits and waits for action to come his way (Fowler 1994:62). Thus, these love songs provide us with an insight into the manner which couples behaved, and were viewed by others when in love. This view and understanding of love I believe is a direct reflection of the ancient Egyptian society where woman were seen as being sexually untrustworthy and men the slave to this sexual nature of woman.
For Egyptian people family is the most important unit of their society. For all social relations, Kinship plays an
One of the central values of ancient Egyptian civilization, revolves around the concept of harmony and balance in all aspects of one's life. This ideal equality was the most important responsibility observed by the pharaoh who, as a mediator between the gods and the people, was supposed to be a role model and set by an example for how one achieving a balanced life, as all people sharing a common relationship with pharaoh. Through this relationship all men and women acquired equality to one another. Therefore, not to the world's surprise, women in ancient Egypt, compared to other civilizations, were ahead of their time. Women in ancient Egypt did not only rule the country and become pharaohs, but also shared equal basic human rights as men. Women such as Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, and Cleopatra were able to take the stand and break the stigma of the typical minority that are deprived of many rights, and most importantly legal, and educational rights.