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The Adaptation of Books and Short Stories Into Films

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When discussing the adaptation of books and short stories into film, one must begin with the understanding that adaptation can refer to two related yet distinct phenomena. The most common definition of adaptation connotes a kind of translation, wherein a filmmakers attempts to recreate a story more or less faithfully by translating the essential elements of the original text into a new medium. A less frequently discussed definition for adaptation refers to a kind of evolutionary response, wherein an organism or species changes in reaction to its environment. Film adaptations can exhibit this same kind of change in response to outside pressures, and the degree to which they diverge from their source texts reflects how much if this kind of adaptation is necessary. By comparing these two kinds of adaptation one is able to see how stories are simultaneously acted upon by the filmmaker and semi-autonomously adapting to external pressures, a realization that forces one to reexamine the common standards for what constitutes a good and a bad film adaptation. To begin, it is necessary to further explicate the two kinds of adaptations introduced above. The first form of film adaptation refers to the singular act of adaptation: a filmmaker adapts a story from a book into a film, and the verb implies an attempt to translate as many of the constituent elements of the story as possible into a different medium. In this sense of the word, adaptation refers to the external influence the

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