Tetrachlorodibenzo-Dioxin

Also depicted in this paper is the type of cancers caused by each chemical and other related health problems associated with each chemical. Finally, the role of government agencies such as FDA, EPA and OSHA in preventing excessive amount or zero amounts of toxic chemicals from entering the environment will be discussed. The last paragraphs will enumerate the inferred conclusion from my research on Agent Orange, DDT and Benzene.

Hooton, T., Bradley, S., Cardenas, D., Colgan, R., Geerlings, S., Rice, J., Nicolle, L. (2010).

Zaninovich, Martin J. v Comm., 45 AFTR 2d 80-1442, 616 F2d 429, 80-1 USTC ¶9342, (CA9, 4/3/1980)

Raven, P., Berg, L., & Hassenzahl, D. (2010). Environment. (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Schmidt, S. W., Shelley, M. C., Bardes, B. A., Maxwell, W. E., Crain, E., & Santos, A. (2010).

When glucose carriers in the membrane were set to 500, the glucose transport rate for 2.00 mM of glucose was .0008 mM/min. Equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. At 700 glucose carriers the rate was .0010 mM , and equilibrium was reached at 33 minutes. When the glucose carriers was set at 900 the rate was .012 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 27 minutes. After changing the glucose concentration to 8.0 mM, the glucose transport rate with 500 carrier proteins was .0023 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 58 minutes. With the simulation set at 700 carrier proteins the rate was .0031mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. When the simulation was done with 900 carrier proteins the glucose transport rate was .0038, and equilibrium was reached at 35 minutes.

In this lab, neutral red was used as a pH indicator. The color changes from yellow to red in a basic solution to an acidic solution. The neutral red dye was applied to Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. When the S. Cerevisiae cells come in contact with the neutral red dye, the dye gets to the cell by crossing the cell membrane. The cell membrane is the outer surface of the cell that functions as a barrier. The outside of the cell membrane is made of lipid and membrane proteins (Hardin, 2012). It is selectively permeable, which means only select ions and molecules can pass through it by transport. Membrane transport can be actively or passively moving a substance from side of the membrane to another (Hardin, 2012). Passive transport does not require energy to move molecules across the cell membrane. Diffusion is a form of passive transport that moves molecules across the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are all examples of passive transport. Active transport requires energy to move molecules across the membrane from areas of lower concentration to higher concentration. It requires energy because it pushes sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) (Hardin, 2012). When the dye entered the cell, it also showed its location. Sodium azide (Na+N3-) is a metabolic inhibitor that blocks the flow of electrons along

Marcovitch, S. G., Gold, A., Washington, J., Wasson, C., Krekewich, K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997).

When we look at the fish along the Strait we seem to see the same results. In a study done on Toxic Contaminants in Dungeness Crab (2014), they found mercury and PCB’s or Polychlorinated Biphenyls in multiple different species of fish, two of the species being Chinook and Coho, which is consumed by community’s along the Sound (Carey, Niewolny, Lanksbury & West). PCB’s were used for electrical equipment in the past. The manufacturing of PCB’s was stopped in 1977. However, there is evidence that shows PCB builds up in the environment ("PCBs"). This shows the impact waste can have decades after it has been mitigated, and why it is important to stop any further damage.

“sparsity [sic] of knowledge about PCBs in the environment. Only general statements can be made about how PCBs reach the environment, how they reach target organisms, and how much is present.”

The biosphere consists of a compound infusion of gases; the main components are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The concentration of these gases have been changing for many years. For the most part, this is influenced by human activity. In a persistent effort to improve the quality and longevity of life, humans (particularly in industrialized societies) have tendencies to negatively impact the environment, and at the same time, we strive to replenish what we have nearly depleted to balance the scale.

(Atkinson, 1995; Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997, 1999; Korpi and Palme, 1998; Smeeding,

5. Robin D. M, Derr M. K , Anderson J , and Pavetti L. (1999).

Ray, K. w., & Cleaveland, L. B. (2004). About the authors (pp. 85-91). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

The common routes of exposure to DDT, and DDE occurs mostly from eating foods containing small amounts of these compounds, particularly meat, fish and poultry. Exposure may also occur with contact with DDT residues in airborne dust. (Fisher et al, 2003).