Superkingdom: Ascomycota?

It started in central Asia, 1338 awakened by a drought, slowly makings its way to Europe. It finally hit Europe in 1345, 8 years later from the awakening, it first affected Crimea when a trade was being done with the merchant's Italian sailors and Mongolian's but it got out of hand until the point where the Italians were held up in a castle with nowhere to run for a year. The Mongolians soldier finally backed off but when their men starting dropping dead they had the idea to throw the infected dead bodies over the castle wall and into the castle, it was the first bioweapon created. Some of the Italian sailors managed to get away but they ended up carrying the mysterious death with going from town to town but no one would let them stop as infected rats had hidden within the cargo. But it was too late, in 1347, Sicily, the sailors docked but they were forced to move on, the brief encounter, however, allowed the infected rats to climb ashore and start spreading the disease. Soon it spread throughout trade routes such as the silk trade route which

this means that is the optimal temperature, but in bacterial occur in less time than in fungal

A many common effect is being bitten by certain fleas or rats. After it spread through Messina, it spread through many other parts of Europe.

The first to come into contact with Y. pestis were the Mongolian people, whose empire expanded throughout most of Asia. To expand their empire they crossed the plains where the animals lived and contracted the disease by way of fleas. This deadly infection took a toll on the Mongolian army as they were fighting to claim Caffa, a port city. When retreating, the army lobbed their dead over the walls and this started the major movement of the Y. pestis infection to Europe and other surrounding countries. Demands for Eastern goods increase as

plague originated in Europe and traveled westward killing many of the infected throught Europe. In

Yaqoob Thurston is an PH.D. candidate in the Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University. His work combines molecular biology, molecular genetics of pathological, symbiotic and associative interactions, molecular plant breeding, and microbiology as a major platform used to understand the nature and consequences of plant microbial interactions. Specially, Mr. Thurston methodological research concentrates on the interaction of fungal pathogens fusarium head blight (FHB), and the symbiotic interaction arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) with wheat.

The ailment included various strains that usually murdered 25 to 50 percent of nearby populaces. While atmosphere changes may have added to the malady's spread, it was the Mongol attacks that scattered it to China and different focuses around Afro-Eurasia before it started following exchange courses to Italy. Achieving European soil, the

Most members of the kingdom Fungi lack flagella; the structures are completely absent in all stages of their life cycle. The only

se that is endemic to the southwest United States (California, Arizona, Utah, Texas, Nevada, and New Mexico), Mexico, Central America, and South America [1]. Disease infection results from inhaling the spores from soil fungus Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii [1]. The two fungi are located in separate regional locations, however, studies have shown that they are relatively identical and manifest the disease in the same way. Calling home in arid, desert areas, Coccidioidomycosis spores are found in lower elevations, 4 inches or more under sandy soil. They are endemic in areas with less than 20 inches of rain per year [1]. The most common opportunity to become infected is when the soil is disrupted by construction, entertainment

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

One example of this that she presents is how a fungi has been killing off frogs world wide. This species, has spread to all corners of the globe, and has amphibians to "enjoy the distinction of being the world's most endangered class of animals”(17). The reason for the spread of the fungi? Well, Kolbert presents two possible theories. "One theory has it that Bd was moved around the globe with shipments of African Clawed Frogs, which were used in pregnancy tests,"(18) or, alternatively "A second theory holds that the fungus was spread by North American Bullfrogs, which have been introduced--sometimes accidentally , sometimes purposefully, into Europe, Asia, and South America”(18).

Volk reports that commercial growers maintain the air temperature at approximately 24ºC until the mycelium has colonized the compost and grown through the casing layer. Then, the temperature is dropped to 16-18ºC to promote pinning2.

The solid form has been said to be closer to purple, transparent, and glass-like. The ‘incomplete’ form, however, was white and was used for making silver.

One example of an invasive species is Xenopus laevis, or the African clawed frog. These frogs carry a fungus called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chytrid fungus infects amphibians with chytridiomycosis by attacking the part of a frog’s skin that contains keratin. Frogs use their skin to

Although fungi are distributed worldwide, the distribution of a specific species is limited by temperature and moisture conditions of an area coupled with the available food supply. The best temperature for most fungi to thrive is from 68° to 86°F (20° to 30°C). Some types of fungi, however, do perfectly well at tem- peratures as high as 120°F (48°C), while a fairly large number of them do well at freezing temperatures, 32°F (0°C) or below.