Summary Of Susan Stryker's Transgender History

The most obvious example is the differentiation of “transsexual” and “transgender.” In the article, “transsexual” is used to refer to someone who has specifically had treatment to physically change their body to match their gender identity; “transgender” is someone whose gender identity does not match the gender they were assigned at birth, regardless of whether they have made physical gender-related changes to their body (155). Today, the term “transsexual” is almost obsolete. Interestingly, however, Halberstam briefly presents conflict between “transsexuals” and “transgenders” that is mirrored somewhat today in informal conflicts between “truscum” and “transtrenders/tucutes” (154-155). In today’s transgender communities, people called “truscum” (generally by other people) feel that people they call “transtrenders” or “tucutes” are not truly transgender; they feel these people are merely pretending to be transgender for the sake of attention. On the other hand, those called “transtrenders” or “tucutes” (generally by other people) feel attacked and policed by “truscum” and insist that they are transgender regardless of whether they meet the standards set by truscum. Halberstam cites some identity politics (154-155) that are reminiscent of this, which suggests that even as terms change, identity policing remains a consistent issue in transgender

A transgender woman by the name of Faye Seidler, has been discriminated from using the woman locker room at her job at Sanford Medical Center. It all started in September of 2013 when she began her hormone therapy, which started her transition from a male to a female identity. Later in 2014 she took a job at the center, where she still represented as a man.

On April 28, 2009, Senator, Edward M. Kennedy, Democrat from Massachusetts, introduced to the 111th CONGRESS, 1st Session S. 909, The Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act. The purpose of this act was to “provide Federal assistance to States, local jurisdictions, and Indian tribes to prosecute hate crimes” (Kennedy, 2009 p.1). Assistance other than financial assistance, in general, at the request of State, local or, tribal law enforcement agency, the Attorney General may provide technical, forensic, prosecutorial, or any other form of assistance in the criminal investigation or prosecution of any crime that , constitutes a crime of violence; constitutes a felony under the State, local, or tribal laws; and is

The research agendas that occupied the American medical community during the twentieth century involved the controversy in making medicine a research science. Research-based medicine made enormous strides with discoveries such as penicillin and insulin, however led to issues with medical ethics. The following documents cite a highly controversial research project in the mid-20th century, the Tuskegee experiment that had a profound effect on protecting the rights of subjects in human experimentation. Michael Shimkin discusses in his paper, “A Leading Research Scientist Embraces the Nuremberg Code as a Guide to Ethical Practice in an Age of Human Experimentation, 1953,” the proper way of using people in medical experiments. Vanessa Gamble’s essay, “A Legacy of Distrust: African Americans and Medical Research,” looks at the relationship between race and American medicine to explain how the African American populace became the chose demographic for Tuskegee project. In Dr. Irvin Schatz’s letter to Dr. Donald Rockwell, Dr. Schatz questions the morals of physicians who worked on the Tuskegee Study

In 2009, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act was amended by the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act. This amendment provides funding to help different levels of jurisdiction better investigate and prosecute hate crimes. Additionally, this amendment expanded the protections of hate crimes to include disability, gender identity, sexuality, and gender. This Act was brought about following the deaths of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr., who were both victims of brutal hate crimes.

Federal hate crime legislation, is targeted at the punishment of hate crimes and heightens the punishment of the underlying crime or creates a new substantive crime, if the offender is motivated by certain prejudices, such as racism. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, created a federal criminal law criminalizing hate crimes. This piece of federal legislation is the focus of this paper and its proposed amendment.

In 2010, President Obama signed a major civil rights provision into law; The Matthew Shepard & James Byrd Hate Crimes Prevention Act. This policy took over ten years of lobbying, multiple floor votes, and finally clever Democrats attached the act to a defense bill Republicans needed to pass to get the federal policy on the books. This landmark legislation made it a federal hate crime to assault someone based on either perceived or actual sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. The policy expanded a longstanding law in existance since 1968 which previously applied only to those attacked due to their race, religion or national origin. There were other provisions mandated such as financial aid (federal) to law enforcement on the local

Many may wonder what being a transgender person really is, a lot of people may see or refer to it as someone who has gone gender transformation, or is confused with who they are. The word transvestite is very much used when referring to a person who identifies with the opposite gender, the word 'Transvestite' itself originated in 1910 by the well known German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, who also founded the Berlin institute which was where the first 'sex change' surgeries took place. 'Transsexual' was not used until 1949, the word 'transgender' not until 1971, and 'trans not until 1996, but they all refer to the same thing. The idea of being transgender goes as far back as 1503 BC to the Egyptians. It was believed that their second

Hate crimes are violations against the law that are motivated by a type of prejudice. 80% of these crimes include violence and are taken very seriously. In fact, they are the highest priority of the FBI’s Civil Rights program. They are essentially dangerous to the community because they encourage hatred and can even be classified as a form of terrorism. Since hate crimes have been on a rise since the mid 1900’s, law enforcement agencies have been forced to take action. As a result of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, the FBI was able to investigate any biased crimes based upon race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, or gender.

Transgenderism has appeared for millennia, theoretically dating as far back as Ancient Egypt with Queen Hatshepsut and undoubtedly in Ancient Rome with Emperor Elagabalus (CBC News). However, transgenderism is a fallacy, created to become a part of a more privileged class. The Jeffersonian belief that race is a biologically and ethnically determined thing was created as a justification to support a master-slave caste system. Whereas race is a social construct, in my belief, gender is something that isn’t tied to your lineage, but rather something that’s determined at conception based on having an X or Y chromosome. If anyone could change their “race” then everyone would be changing to the class with more privileges, whereas with transgenderism there is an exponential amount more cases and even so, there are countless cases of people changing gender to an opposing sex that doesn’t have the given privileges of the one that they were born with. Furthermore, with transracial identifying people there is a disproportionate number of people changing to the caste with more advantages for the given person, in this case Rachel Dolezal, rather than the other way

Martin Luther King JR. quote, “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” A hate crime is one that targets an individual group or organization toward which the perpetrator feels prejudice on the basis of a road or perceived difference in race, gender, and religion etc. one of the oldest hate groups is the Ku Klux Klan, which formed during the reconstruction period of the civil war. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act (known as the Matthew Shepard Act), which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009, expand hate crimes as well as the categories covered by hate crime legislation

This act, also known as, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act, was established in October of 2009 as the result of two malevolent murders. In 1998 Matthew Shepard was tortured and killed because he was believed to be gay. James Byrd Jr. was beaten, dragged behind a truck and eventually decapitated just because he was African American. The people who committed these crimes were later convicted for murder but could not be prosecuted for committing a hate crime because of the existing 1969 Federal Hate Crimes Law at the time. The reason they were not prosecuted was due to the law that stated federal involvement was allowed only when he or she was doing a federally protected activity such as school or serving on a jury. According to the FBI there was a report of 7,600 hate crimes in the U.S and 12,000 hate crimes based on

In the summer of 1998, James Byrd Jr. was chained to the back of a pickup truck and dragged for two miles along a dirt road by a group of people who were prejudice against his race. Four months later, two young men beat Matthew Shepard with a pistol and left him tied to a fence all night in near freezing weather because he was gay. These two attacks sent outrage throughout the country and inspired tougher punishments against hate crimes. (A hate crime is any crime that is committed due to a bias towards a particular group of people.) Currently, forty states and the District of Columbia have passed hate crime laws. Those laws ban any crime connected to bias based on gender, race, origin, sexual orientation, disability, or religion. Only

From what I have identified on hate crimes in my research, the top two motivations for hate crimes are based on race and sexual orientation, “In 2010’s FBI report, of the 7,690 reported incidents, 48. 4 percent of the crimes were racially motivated attacks, with sexual orientation bias coming in second at 19.1 percent.” (DL Chandler,2010) Two of the best examples of these crimes are the James Byrd and Mathew Shepard cases in 1998. These crimes prompted the enactment of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act that was signed by President Barack Obama in 2009. Although the crimes are both very horrific and morbid acts in their own right, they were based on different types of hate racial and homophobia. The James Byrd Case was racially motivated

Hate Crimes: crimes motivated by a victim’s actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or religion(Federal officials, 2011). Hate crimes have been around for centuries. A hate crime is considered any malicious crime that is derived from hatred towards a certain group of people. African Americans are still victim to hate crimes, even after the Civil Rights movement. James Byrd Jr. suffered a prime example of a gruesome hate crime in 1998, because of his African American descent. Three white men, allegedly, chained Byrd to the back of a pickup truck and dragged him down a gravel road, leaving his body parts severed and bloody (Marty,1998). Recently, a new group of people has been targeted by the hateful view