Migration in developing countries is often seen as a way of development through the stimulation of global currency within the country. Specifically throughout the Philippines, it is more common for migrant workers to be female, resulting in the overall structure and dynamics of these families to change. In the novel, Servants of Globalization, author Rhacel Parreñas addresses how the pre-existing structure of gender expectations and unequal employment opportunities for male and females abroad influence the overall gender patterns and impacts of migration from the Philippines, ultimately affecting the dynamics of families as they become transnational and challenging the pre-existing gender ideologies within the countries.
Men and women have different pre-existing gender structure expectations imposed by their country's society. In the Philippines, women are often expected to do the "reproductive labor... [which] includes household chores; the care of elders, adults, and youth; the socialization of children; and the maintenance of social ties in the family (Brenner and Laslett, 1991; Glenn, 1992)" (Parreñas, 29). Men, on the other hand, primarily perform "'nonnurant reproductive labor' (2007: 323) as janitors, food preparation workers, or gardeners, questioning the notion that they do care work" (Parreñas, 50). As stated by Parreñas, women are often expected to do more reproductive labor than men, shaping the gender patterns of migration in the Philippines.
Privileged
When considering the technological advances over the past 50 years, the Internet has undoubtedly had the greatest impact on everyday life of developed economies and its citizens. The world has become smaller, societies interconnected, and the pace of global integration dramatically increased since the introduction of the Internet. With the world connected, cyber actors represent a very real and often underestimated threat to the United States’ ability to defend national security, protect industrial innovation, and secure privacy information. As a result of globalization, the foreign cyber actors represent the most imminent threat to national security, corporate innovation, and citizen privacy rights.
Within the source the author is trying to say that the legacy of historical globalization has resulted in advancements in modern society and people have prospered from it. Mainly how the driving force of the ethnocentrism in historical globalization leads to a prosperous society. The specific line of “superior standard of living shared by individuals in the developed world was achieved through historical globalization” supports this and is also referring to how in the first world have benefited. The superior standard of living that the source is referring to is the comforts of life and how living standards have skyrocketed now. This taken along with the author following that up with “in the developed world” means that only the developed/first
In his article “Globalization: Two Visions Of The Future Of Humanity”, Marcelo Gleiser states that there are two possible outcomes of the process of globalization. At first, he predicts that world can turn into a true global village due to the development of technology, traveling, trade and Internet. However, Gleizer explains that it is not easy to foresee unknown and questions how much this “scientific utopia” (8) is realistic, when considering politics and culture. Then, he argues that globalization cannot be achieved due to “evolved tribal nature” (9) of humanity, even though it is implied as the process which will diminish any barrier between various cultures. He states there is no doubt that trade and travel barriers will disappear by
Modern society should respond to the legacies and problems created by globalization in the past. Without these responses, relationships with indigenous peoples who were harmed from colonization will never be repaired. There is a popular belief that these should not be acted on because what occurred in the past can not be undone and is not the fault or burden of modern society. This proves to not be true because some issues from the past are just coming to light and being debated and responded to today. Examples of this would be the effect of residential schools on the Aboriginal community, and the debate of who land traditionally occupied by First Nations belongs to. If historical globalization is
The article written by Lisa Lowe refers to globalization as it relates to the United States. This article touched on the transitions which occurred. The shifts from culture in neighborhoods due to migrants arriving. This article also referred to the critiques of globalization. It’s important to know who is against or for this process. As it provides perspective to those who want understand motives behind the negative stance.
Criteria: What acts have actually been made to respond to the legacies of historical globalization? How have these effects been made in trying to respond to historical globalization? What has changed since then? What has not changed?
Counterhegemonic globalization is “a type of social movement that fundamentally challenges and, in rare circumstances, produces changes and alters the dimensions of the contemporary political or economic order” (Gillies, Counterhegemonic Globalization and the Decline of the Record Industry, pg.2). Essentially what this means is that it is a way of showing distaste for how a system is set up in many parts of the world (often due to the penalties that are more often than not given to the lower class in these cases), and expressing said distaste through attempting to change it. This can obviously cause problems for government and corporations, especially corporations that have a monopoly on a certain business sector, for example Wall Street has a monopoly on stock markets. Counterhegemonic globalization
Social reproduction refers to the continuous intergenerational physically and emotionally exhausting household labour that is needed to maintain life (Trotz, lecture, Jan 13, 2016). This kind of labour though is considered to be a woman’s duty. Since an economic activity happens where there is a market, social reproduction is not considered as one as it doesn’t have a visible market. Even though, it doesn’t have market value, domestic work greatly contribute to the economy (Waring, 2013). Since this work is done in homes and by women who are usually marginalized, it remains invisible and thus not considered for pay. This kind of work depends on the traditional division of labour in which women are seen as housewives while men, breadwinners. Thus, the gendering of social reproduction is a result of “doing gender,” where women’s abilities to be mothers are naturalized (Coltrane, 1989); in other words, women are made to fit into the simplistic “domestic = family = heterosexual woman = care and love” equation (Manalansan & Martin, 2008, p.2), while any man who does the caring work in a family is feminized and considered a lesser man (Coltrane, 1989).Thus, a woman’s femininity depends on her motherhood while a man’s masculinity depends on “not doing mother’s work” (Coltrane, 1989, p.473).
Throughout history every civilization has looked to the stars and pondered their existence. While never truly reaching an understanding of their purpose on this lonely blue planet we call earth, they have constantly strived to further their understanding of the world and it’s mysteries. This thirst for knowledge has evolved with humans for a millennia and has changed as we have. One question that teased the mind of man for centuries was the quandary of sexes. Both a sociological and physical conundrum, the true station of a man or women in society has always been an important issue in any developing nation. Historically men have always been tasked with the more socially demanding tasks in their community while women are assigned the menial
History has shown that men are dominate in this culture. Though in modern time, women have proven to be equal and most often the breadwinner. Women were once thought to be care takers, submissive, graceful, stay at home wife and mother, doing the duties around the house and in the fields. As women began to prove their intelligence and ability to help provide financially, the roles began to change.
As some women in first world countries go out of the home to work, women from lower classes immigrant women from the third world perform the functions of childcare, ‘homemaking’, domestic tasks etc. these women who constitute the transnational labor of care have bad working conditions, few rights and opportunities or work satisfaction. As some upper class women break the glass ceiling, other women enter the market to perform the transnational labor of care, at low wages and bad conditions, without these women to perform the domestic tasks, to perform this transnational labor of care( example of Filipino migrant maids), other privileged women would not be able to leave the home to work and take up white collar occupations. Thus some women
It took along time until Canada came to the policy of multiculturalism that it has today. The first nations went through a lot to get to where they are today which is still not a great place considering they were here before any of the European settlers. When Europeans first got to Canada they didn’t consider it as more than a land with lots of fishing. The encounters between the Europeans and Aboriginals were usually pleasant and friendly, because they both wanted to trade with each other and the europeans did not yet have imperialistic ambitions. In the later half of the 1500s Canada started to be seen for more than a fishing district and the Europeans desire for beaver fur started the early trade routes with Canada thus beginning colonization. When the Europeans decided to settle in Canada that’s when cultures began to clash because they both had such different beliefs. The British began making treaties with the first nations in order to share the land but they were making oral promises that were not the same as the ones written on the treaties. When settlers began taking the land of the beothuk they tried to drive the settlers away but, ended up just making them angry so the Europeans began hunting and killing them eventually leading to the extinction of the Beothuk culture. Then the royal proclamation gave the first nations land and
As a result, men have more freedom to act as they please, resulting in more economic opportunities in relation to women who traditionally have been given the role of housewives, placing them at an economic disadvantage and unequal opportunities. Likewise, the effects of migration on gender relations influence the change of family dynamics and structure. Women in their home countries often assume greater responsibilities due to the long absences of men who migrate in the search of better life opportunities for their families. In this situation, traditional roles tend to become more flexible, as women become a main decision maker for the family, their authority increased in the household, and are more independent in general.
When it comes to globalization, everyone may have a different vision of it’s outcome. For Marcelo Gleiser, the author of “Globalization: Two visions of the Future of Humanity”, a completely globalized world may result in a dystopia. In contrast, Jeffrey Wasserstrom, the author of “A Mickey Mouse Approach to Globalization” and Tanveer Ali, the creator of “The Subway Falafel Sandwich and the Americanization of Ethnic Food” may think of globalization as other cultures sharing each other’s components to interact on a new level and spurring a more “open-minded” (Ali 27) individual.
There is controversy over when globalization began because there is no crystal clear start to globalization. Some people believe that globalization started when the Buddhist leader Chandragupta combined aspects of trade, religion, and military to create a protected trading area. Others believe that globalization began under Genghis Khan’s rule. The Mongolian warrior-ruler created an empire that had trade integrated into it. There are also some experts that believe that the rise of globalization was linked to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the New World.