Strength and Endurance in the Pronator Teres Muscle and Biceps Brachii Muscle Increase in Subjects after One Week of Arm Workouts
Emily Rice
Partners: Ashely Brocado, Henry Balamaze and Omozee Agbe-Rankhe
Introduction
The bicep muscle is located on the front part of the upper arm and is attached to the arm bones by tendons. When biceps contract, the form arm is pulled up and will rotate outward1. The pronator teres muscle is located on the palmer side of the forearm, below the elbow, and its function is to rotate the forearm palmdown2. The bicep brachii and pronator teres muscles are examples of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle contains multiple nuclei, myofiber and has fast muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle contains no gap junctions and hormones cannot excite muscle contractions, unlike smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle contains thick filaments, thin filaments, myosin, actin, and sarcomeres. The site of calcium action, in skeletal muscle, is troponin According to the Oxford Dictionary3, endurance is defined as “the fact or power of enduring an unpleasant or difficult process or situation without giving way” and strength is defined as “the quality or state of being strong”. As it relates to physiology, muscle endurance is the capability of a muscle to endure multiple contractions against a resistance for a prolonged amount of time5, while muscle strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort4. When muscles contract they go
Q4: Pectoral major is a muscle located in the chest region; it originates from the proximal part of the humerus. Its function is to adduct and rotate the arm. A bicep is a muscle that has two heads or point of origin. Biceps femoris is a muscle located at the back of the thigh, and its function is to flex the knee joint.
This activity is the critical driving force of muscle contraction. The stream of action potentials along the muscle fiber surface is terminated as Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is broken down by acetyl cholinesterase. The release of Calcium ions is ceased. The action of the myosin molecule heads is obstructed because of the change in the configuration of troponin and tropomyosin due to the absence of calcium ions. This will eventually cause the contraction to be ceased. Together with these physical processes, an external stretching force such as gravity pulls the muscle back to its normal length.
Key lies in bringing about greater development in a little-discussed muscle that sits underneath the biceps called the brachialis. A highly defined bodybuilder, the brachialis appears as a thick knot of muscle that pops out of the side of the upper arm when they are flexed and viewed from the rear.
This is an example triceps. This muscle covers the olecranon bone (which exerts force on the applied force) and arm (resistance) elbow (center). First class levers have a balance between speed and power.
As discussed in paper one, readers can see the complexity that lies behind muscle fibers and the contractile units that make up each muscle cell. At the normal physiology level, muscle fibers exist as complex bundles of small muscle filaments. These filaments, known as actin and myosin bind in such a way that allows for sarcomere contraction. In assistance with calcium flowing into muscle cells, proteins known as tropomyosin and troponin ultimately allow “cross bridging” to occur. Throughout the body three types of muscle fibers exist, these types of fibers are slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic. Activation or recruitment of these fibers varies from person to person depending on the muscle specificity needed to perform a given contraction. In other words the innervation of each fiber depends solely on the muscle needed to engage in a specific exercise. By first knowing the anatomy behind a muscle cell one can then have a better understanding of the effects training has on muscle cell hypertrophy.
Muscular endurance is very important for people playing sports and who have to sustain an activity for long periods of time. Muscular endurance is determined by how well your slow twitch muscle fibers are developed. In case your wondering what slow twitch muscle fibers are, I will explain. There are generally two types of muscle fibers in your body, slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch muscle fibers cannot exert as much force as fast twitch, but can sustain an effort over a much greater period of time. Fast twitch muscle fibers can exert a great amount of force but for a very limited amount of time. Therefore, slow twitch equals endurance, while fast twitch equals strength.
Muscular endurance is when a certain muscle group can last a repeated number of exercises for a longer period of time than usual. Muscular endurance trains the muscle to work for a long period of time. The first sign to do for the workout is a warm up. The warm is 2-4 laps around a full gym or a half gym. This allows the temperature of the muscles to get higher meaning the muscles will be warmer allowing the person to stretch and extend the muscle. After the warm up it is required that you have exercises for the activation of the muscles. The activation of the muscles will get the muscles moving and stretching. The jumping jacks are set because they work almost the whole body because you need to move you legs and arms in the process. After 30-45 seconds the student will then switch to wood choppers. This is important because they help incredibly to activate the muscles used in the leg by doing a half-squat to a full squat. Push ups will help to loosen up the should muscles as well
I would like to improve my muscular endurance and muscular strength because I play softball and I believe it would help me become a better athlete. While completing RIGHT ANGLE PUSHUPS and the PACER during fitness testing, I found my muscles got very tired and weak. I think if I improved my MUSCULAR ENDURANCE and my MUSCULAR STRENGTH, I would do better next time during fitness testing than I did recently. Muscular endurance allows muscles to sustain repeated contractions for an extended period of time. In softball there are various movements that muscle endurance can contribute to. In softball you need to be able to throw repeatedly, as well as standing in a squatting, ready position. Your muscles will be in use for a certain amount of time,
Muscles are responsible for producing movement and maintaining positions in the body. Skeletal muscles, specifically, are formed by one or more muscle fibers that are controlled by a nerve, this is called a motor unit. For muscles to contract, the motor unit must be stimulated, thus allowing the muscle fibers to contract. Through such contraction, our body is able to perform many tasks, whether it is walking, jumping, or simply sitting up. When a muscle contracts, the strength that the motor unit is able to ‘pull’ is known as the summation.
When the arm is bent from a straightened position the biceps brachii muscle is working concentrically. The bicep muscles are shortening to move the bones of the forearm.
In anatomy, biceps is the common name for the biceps brachii muscle, which is a muscle between the shoulder and elbow. The name of the muscle originates from the Latin phrase musculus biceps brachii, which translates to a “two-headed muscle of the arm”. As the Latin terms bis and caput mean “double” and “head” respectively, the term biceps indicates that the muscle has two “heads” of origin and a single insertion point near the elbow joint. The short head of the biceps originates from the coracoid process of the scapula, whereas the long head originates from the supraglenoid
Another long term effect of exercise on the muscular system is an increased muscle strength. Regular resistance training with overload, or a progressive increase in weight or resistance, can cause the muscles in the body to gain strength.
The muscles play major role in the body. Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and help generate heat, assist in blood circulation. There are three types of muscles. Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are most abundant and found attached to skeleton. They respond quickly to stimuli, help in adjusting individual to external environment and being capable of rapid contractions. Skeletal muscle act by contraction that results in shortening and pull on the tendons. Than this transfers the force to bone attached and makes desired movements. Skeletal muscles rarely work by themselves to make movements in the body. The biceps brachii muscle extends the arm at the elbow. When triceps is extending the
During my 2nd semester of freshman year, I started to work a lot of building strength in my arms. I started going to the gym and also using a Theraband to build up the muscles in my arms that I did not have. After going to the gym for only two weeks, I began to notice a huge difference. Not only in my inversions, but also in Chaturanga and downward dog. As well as working on my strength, I worked on dropping my weight in my plié’s so that it would be easier to just feel the weight dropping down instead of me holding back.
Resistance training involves the use of static and dynamic muscle movements with the tension of an external load. Resistance training (RT) is widely used to elicit muscle hypertrophy and increases in muscle strength with the objectives of enhancing performance such increased muscle force, increased muscle mass and power (McGuigan, Wright, & Fleck, 2012). Athletes use resistance training in many aspects to aid their performance in particular sports, such as making them a faster, stronger and more powerful athlete. Resistance training leads to neural and hypertrophic adaptations responsible for improved strength, neural adaptations occur such as increased motor unit recruitment and increased motor unit firing frequency. These neural adaptations