The organism studied in these experiments was the Spinacia oleracea that was obtained from a local grocery store in Lincoln Nebraska. One experiment that was conducted was used to determine the rate of oxygen production of Spinacia oleracea in the dark. Another experiment conducted was used to determine the effect of light intensity on the net photosynthetic rate of a Spinacia oleracea. The effect of light wavelength on the net photosynthetic rate of a Spinacia oleracea was also conducted and observed. The last experiment conducted was conducted to identify the pigments in Spinacia oleracea in order to determine its chloroplast chromatography.
Experimental Design and Protocol for Collecting Data
Rate of Oxygen Production by Spinacia oleracea
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In order to conduct this experiment a Spinacia oleracea was obtained, and measured using a plastic grid and a marker to outline the shape of the leaf. The squares of the grid were then counted to determine the total surface area of the leaf. The leaf was then placed vertically, and carefully, so that the underside of the Spinacia oleracea did not touch the walls of the micro-centrifuge tube when placed inside of it. Then the tube was filled ¾ full of water and 2ml full of the saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, using a plastic pipette. Then he micro-centrifuge tube was placed into the water bath that was filled with 20°C water. 2 cm of the tube was sticking out of the top of the water bath. Then the oxygen sensor was placed, and tightly sealed into the test tubes opening. Then the walls of the water bath were completely covered with aluminum foil. This was to insure no light could reach the leaf. The software used to record the data from the oxygen sensor after five minutes of equilibration time was Logger Pro. The initial and final ppm oxygen was then recorded in order to calculate the area standardized rate of oxygen
Measuring the Rate Oxygen Production using an Oxygen Electrode Chamber in Photosynthesis of Spinacia oleracea with Varying Light Intensities
30 g of spinach leaf tissues were put into 50 ml of 0.5M sucrose buffer. The tissues are smashed and then strained with cheesecloth into the centrifuge tube. The product is centrifuge at low speed (200x g) to pellet large cell debris, and the supernatants are saved. The supernatants are centrifuge at high speed (1000x g) to pellet-out the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are suspended in a 10% propylene glycol solution. The chloroplasts are placed in a boiling water bath for about 5 minutes. Seven labeled 14 ml tubes (1, 2R, 2W, 2G, 2B, 3, 4) containing 6.5 ml of 0.5M NaCl asay buffer. In tube #1 430 uls of boiled chloroplasts suspension was added and to the rest tubes 430 uls of un-boiled chloroplasts. Tube #3 was cover with foil, and tube #4 was
Aims: To evaluate the residual antimicrobial effects and surface alterations of gutta percha disinfected with four different solutions.
In this lab, an Elodea specimen is submerged in water under a lamp with a filter that can change the color of the light. We will measure Elodea's rate of photosynthesis by measuring the amount of oxygen it produces. We will investigate the effects of light color and light intensity on Elodea's rate of oxygen production.
After the agar plate is set up it should look like Figure 3 below. This is an example of the Tan and Wild Type set up. The Gray and Wild type set up will look the same.
Our hypothesis was rejected because the plant in the cold temperature of 0°Celsius, had the greatest amount of oxygen produced from the starting point of 24% with a 1.60% increase. The room temperature of 23.33°Celsius was a close second with a 0.70% increase from the initial amount of 24%. The hot temperature of 40°Celsius was the lowest with a decrease of -2% from the starting amount of 24%. We noticed that the amount of oxygen produced increased as the temperature decreased. Though we believe if the temperature was lower than 0°Celsius then our results would be different, and the plant wouldn’t produce as much oxygen. The rate of photosynthesis depends on: light intensity, temperature, and the availability of carbon dioxide, and water. When
Fill the container with a good-quality potting mix or garden soil mixed with compost or decomposed manure, because spinach requires a nutrient rich soil. Be sure your container has drainage holes in the bottom, and place the container on a water-catchment tray.
The results from this experiment concludes that the yellow plastic film over the solution containing spinach leaf disks increased the rate of photosynthesis the most. This outcome rejects the initial hypothesis that the red film would increase the rate of photosynthesis the greatest, which may be due to the fact that the yellow film allowed the most light to travel to the leaves. This experiment then, experimented on the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis rather than the outcome of how differing wavelengths affect photosynthesis rates. Thus the reason why the yellow film treatment increased the rate of photosynthesis most is due to the fact that as more photons of light that reach the leaf, the greater the number of chlorophyll
Goal: The first goal of today’s laboratory is to separate components of spinach dyes using different eluants. The four eluants will be using are ethanol, chloroform, 9:1 petroleum ether : ethanol, and petroleum ether. The second goal of the lab is to separate fluorine and fluorenone by column chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to measure the polarity and separate the components in the mixtures. TLC was chosen because of its simplicity, high sensitivity, and speedy separation. For each part of the lab, we measured the retention factor on the TLC plate. To measure the retention factor, we used the formula:
Effects of Bicarbonate Concentration on Photosynthesis in Spinach Results The results of the experiment show that the rate of photosynthesis in a spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf disc is affected by percentage of bicarbonate in a solution (See Figure 1). The leaf disc when placed in 0% bicarbonate solution displayed no float activity with a rate of 1200±NAs. The fastest float activity occurred in the 1% bicarbonate solution. The leaf disc when placed in 1% bicarbonate solution displayed increased float activity with a rate of 461.64±68.98s.
The lab consisted of testing photosynthesis in leaves from different conditions. All of the conditions include: xtreme light, dark, heat, and cold. The personal condition tested by my group, was darkness. The experiment was tested by two sets of 30 leaves in the exact same solutions of 0.2% NaHCO₃ and dish detergent. The process of making the solution and preparing the experiment required: mixing 300 mL of 0.2% NaHCO₃ with two drops of dish detergent, placing the solution into a syringe containing 35 leaf discs. The finishing touches required creating pressure within the syringe to ready the leaf discs. 30 of the discs were separated, equally, into three different dishes. It was most commonly thought, that the leaf fragments would have greater
Purpose: To determine the rate of photosynthesis after CO2 has been removed from disks of spinach then placing the disks in a beaker containing bicarbonate, soap, and water
One difference was the thickness of the leaf disks used during the trials. We found that it was challenging to find baby spinach leaves that were all similar in thickness, and believe that the thickness may have caused a change in the rate of photosynthesis, and therefore a change in the rate of flotation. This may occur because in thinner leaves the light can more easily reach the thylakoid to hit there chloroplasts, where the light may have more trouble reaching the chloroplasts in the thicker disks. Another challenge we faced occurred when pulling back the stopper on the syringe in order to remove the air from disks; depending on the person pulling the stopper, it was pulled back differently each time. This may cause more or less air to be removed from the disks, therefore affecting the time it would later take the disks to float. A third difference among the trials that may have reduced the validity of our results is the angle of light entering the cups with the solution and leaf disks. Due to time constraints, we tested 3 cups at a time under a small lamp. Because of the size of the lamp, one cup would receive full light from the top, but the other two cups received light from difference varied angles. This variation may also have been a cause to make the data less valid as well. I am not entirely confident with our results because of these differences between trials which combined overall may have caused a large amount of variation from the uniform trials we had aimed
The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect that inhibitors, light intensity, and wavelength have on the rate of the Hill Reaction. This was completed by the use of isolated chloroplasts retrieved from spinach leaves using a modification of a standard fractionation procedure, the substances were then then placed under a light source to be tested for the effects of different inhibitors, varying distance away from a light source, and different colored light filters. Overall, it was shown that no light source at all and the presence of inhibitors had a more negative effect on the reaction and that as distance from the light source increased, the rate decreased. In the wavelength reaction, the reaction reacted less in the presence of a green or yellow light than the red or blue filters. These findings seem to match what was expected based on the knowledge of how photosynthesis and the Light and Dark Reactions.
The purpose of this experiment was to take spinach leaves and extract the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments by using acetone as the solvent. The chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments were extracted by using column chromography and alumina was used as the solvent. Solvents of different polarities were used, starting with the least polar, to extract the certain components from the leaves. They were then analyzed by using thin- layer chromatography.