South America Population Growth

Exercise 1: Evaluate the human population growth rates of any DEVELOPING COUNTRY in the world. Do not use China or India. We have discussed these in class already. Look at Chapters 8 and 9 for the definition of a "developing country". Discuss the BR, fertility rates, migration patterns, DR, infant mortality, and any population dynamics.

There is a very low infant mortality rate, 2.8 in a thousand, and a relatively low birth rate as well, at 7.41 births in a thousand. However, the death rate, 9.83 deaths in a thousand, is

The notation of what is a nation has changed greatly over time in Latin America. Two groups that exemplifies that are the asian and indigenous population of Latin America. Both groups were categorized differently throughout time and from each other. Countries in Latin America brought the asian population as labor. This resulted in the asian workers being classified as solely foreign labor not a part of the nation. Later the asian population will be seen more as an outside group than true members of the country causing great tension between them and the “natives”. Most recently, the population has been more accepted due to their “mother country” becoming a world power. Similarly, the indigenous population notation of what a nation is has

This spread in the demographic data available to contemporary researchers show that as nations become more developed, fertility rates do not increase exponentially as predicted, nor even linearly, but eventually plateau or potentially even decrease. This concept, demographic transition, has many contributing factors, many of which are uncertain. Still, even if these influences are poorly constrained, the overall trend towards replacement rates of reproduction is well established. The best example of steady and sustainable population levels is the European Union. The EU is highly industrially and agriculturally developed, yet has growth rates near zero percent, and not only a sufficient domestic food supply, but an exportable surplus of grains.

During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during the second half of the 20th century, most authorities agree that realistic limits are already being reached. Complicating issues for policymakers today is the paradoxical nature of population growth, with many wealthy nations experienced negative population growth while a number of impoverished developing nations are experiencing explosive population growth, placing even heavier demands on already scant resources. To determine how the issues of overpopulation, consumption, and resource depletion relate to wealthy nations and developing nations and how can these issues be addressed, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

The demographic transition model, derived by famed demographer Warren Thompson, is a model that conveys the demographic stage in which a certain country fits. This is broken up into five major stages. In stage 1, birth rates and death rates are high. This trend was common all around the world before the Industrial Revolution. So, population remains constant, however it can have major swings as events like wars or pandemics occur. Next, in stage 2, modern medicine becomes available and so it lowers death rates all while birth rates remain high; therefore, the population grows rapidly. Many of the least developed countries today are in this stage of the model. Next, in stage 3, birth rates decrease, almost always as a result of the improvement in economic conditions, women having more rights, and contraception being available. Population growth continues, however at a slower rate. Many of the developing countries today are in stage 3. In stage 4, birth and death rates are both very low. This fact stabilizes the population. Countries that fall in this stage tend to have strong economies, high levels of education available to most anyone, high quality healthcare, a large amount of women are working, and a fertility rate of around two children per woman during her childbearing years. Most of the developed countries today fall into this stage of the model. Stage 5 of the demographic

The majority of population growth in the next century is expected to be concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa because many of those regions are in developmental stages where infant mortality is still high, as are birth rates, resulting in a high natural increase rate. Because China and India have already gone through much of the social developments that have educated their people and has created lower fertility rates, and has lowered their population projections. Both of these reasons have resulted in African countries having much smaller doubling times in their populations compared to those in Asia.

Above data shows that birth rate is very low as compared to the death rate

Than in 2007 67 percent of women between 17 and 45 used contraceptives. So more contraceptive use in Asia would definitely help out with the population problem. Females are actually preferring sterilization with 37 percent of females in India and 28 percent in china. China actually is one of the highest rate for contraceptive use in the world. 84 percent of women who are currently married. Contraceptives has to be one of the best ways to weaken population growth. It is one of the most used methods throughout the world. Condoms and the birth control pill were only 3.7 percent used and 1.3 percent used by women 15-49 years

But the death rate exceeds the birth rate, which triggers the population increasing very slowly or almost stable. In this stage, birth rate becomes high due to less use of contraception and sterilization. Most of the people do survive in agriculture where the children are considered as economic assets and so people are encouraged to get many children. Similarly death rate becomes high due to diseases, natural calamities, wars, etc. Infant death rate is also found very high. Because of poor health facilities provided by the state to the people, lack of clean water and sanitation and food shortage, health of the people will be weak so that the people will depart the life in high numbers. Before 1920, China and India were at this stage (Raj, H. 2003). This stage is generally found in the countries where people depend on agriculture as a main source of surviving. At present, the countries like Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Angola, etc. are passing through this stage (Raj, H.2003)

According to Van Ginneken and van Diepen (1993, p 354), population growth appears to vary across the world and especially between less developed (LDC’s) and more developed countries (MDC’s). The greatest population growth appears most likely to arise in LDC’s. Van Ginneken and van Diepen (1993, p 355) suggest that in LDC’s, such as Africa for example, prospective, fast-paced population growth has been attributed to the fact that the youth of the population are expected to produce a significant amount of children into the future i.e. each prospective family is likely to at least produce one or two children. This is known as a demographic transition and occurs in both LDC’s and MDC’s. In the midst of this transition process, LDC’s tend to have elevated birth rates; it is at this point that population growth is at its greatest (Van Ginneken and van Diepen, 1993, p 355). Overall LDC’s appear to have a far more volatile population growth than MDC’s (Van Ginneken and van Diepen, 1993, p 355).

With the world running out of resources and struggling to sustain the recent boom in world population, governments around the world have been responding by trying to curb population growth with population programmes. Fertility Transition is a process whereby a country changes from a high birth rate to lower birth rate and is measured in terms of number of live births per 1000 women. This process usually occurs when a country is developing. Countries which are undergoing fertility transition in recent years have undergone a much more rapid transformation than when the present day developed economies underwent transition a couple hundred years ago. High fertility is often associated with poverty as there is a lack of education, healthcare and lack of sustainability within a country. The reasons which cause a country to experience fertility transition include; the changing of economy structure or economic growth, investment in education and the provision/subsidisation of contraception.

In Africa, the rate of growth has been greatly affected by the political, economic and social changes. This is an analysis of the current events and how economic, political and social changes can affect growth in this region.

The country that is chosen for comparison with United States of America‘s family policy is a country found in the continent of Africa. Located on the western region of Africa is the country named NIGERIA. This country is regarded in African as the most popular country in the continent of Africa and among the most popular countries in the world it takes the position of the eighth. On the other hand the United States is seen one of the countries sit among the top countries of the world is also known as the pioneer of the free world. Unlike Nigeria, the United States of America is already a developed country. The overall population of Nigeria is 186 million and these population is supposedly to grow to about 239 million by the year 2025 according to some researchers. Comparing the population in Nigeria to the population in the United States of America, it is twice the number of the population of Nigeria. According researchers, it is reported that this is due to the fertility rate in the country however the fertility rate has gradually deteriorated since the post- World War II baby boom. Looking into the data collected by researchers the population size of that of Nigeria is still higher than that of the United States. The fertility rate of Nigeria is at 5.07 though larger than that of U.S and with the type of economy of the country sinking into downturn, yet Nigerians are bringing more children in the world. The economy of Nigeria is not as rich as that of the United States.

West Africa has the highest infant mortality rate in the world - for every 1000 live births, 70 children die before their first birthday (Wang, 2014). National infant mortality rates vary from 18.8 deaths per 1000 live births in Cape Verde to 89.9 deaths per 1000 live births in Guinea-Bissau. Nonetheless, the leading causes of infant mortality are largely the same across the region: neonatal conditions (26 percent), malaria (21 percent), pneumonia (21 percent), diarrhea (17 percent), measles (6 percent) and HIV/AIDS (4 percent). The “desired children” hypothesis of fertility asserts that high fertility primarily reflects desired number of children (Pritchett, 1994). In this regard, high infant mortality may motivate women to have more children to attain their preferred family size. Thus aside the important population health implications of reducing high infant mortality rates, demographic theory predicts that improved child survival is accompanied by declines in fertility reflecting reduced demand for replacement births to achieve a given target family size. The influence of reduced infant mortality on fertility decline has also been established empirically in a wide range of settings (Barnum, 1988). Declines in infant mortality, falls in fertility rates, and lower average family sizes lead to changes in population age structure and stimulate increased female labor