Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Essay

The first being a female gamete, known as the ovum (egg/oocyte) and the second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. Skin cells, fat cells, and liver cells are a few examples of somatic cells. The nucleus of the donor egg cell is sucked out through a micropipette and discarded, leaving a recipient egg with no nucleus, but an intact cytoplasm and the cellular machinery for producing an embryo. Next a donor somatic cell containing the genetically manipulated DNA, is taken from the cow with lack of BLG protein in its milk, and is cultured in a low nutrient medium which deprives the cell from nutrients so it becomes dormant. The cell stops dividing and switches off its active genes. The two cells are placed next to each other and an electrical pulse causes them to fuse together, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. A time delay improves this process by allowing unknown factors in the cytoplasm to activate the chromatin. Cell division is then triggered by a second electric pulse engaging cellular activity and effectively jump starting the cell into the production of an embryo. After almost a week, the egg is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The egg is now viable and capable of producing an adult organism containing all the necessary genetic information from just one parent. This results in the original genetically engineered cow successfully producing Daisy, the cloned cow with genetically modified DNA leading to the production of milk lacking in the BLG

Congratulations! Calf X and Calf Z were produced by SCNT technology, while Calf Y was produced via sperm-egg fertilization. The pattern of genetic inheritance showed that Calf X was genetically identical to somatic cell nucleus donor C and that Calf Z was genetically identical to somatic cell nucleus donor B. Calf Y was not genetically identical to any of the somatic cell nucleus donors but shared at least one chromosome in common with an egg donor.

The cloning of humans have its advantages, but it is a threat to human evolution. It would decrease the immunity of human beings to fight off diseases (Putatunda

D.W. Grifiths 1915 film The Birth of a Nation, is widely recognized as one of the most consequential films in American cinematic history - it contains many new cinematic innovations and refinements, technical effects and artistic advancements, including a brilliant color sequence at the end, that laid the foundations for modern filmmaking. In 1993 the film was elected into the National Film Registry, and in 1998 voted one of the "Top 100 American Films" by the American Film Institute. Aside from its influence on Hollywood, the film has left an indelible mark on American culture as one of the most prolific pieces of anti-black propaganda of all time.

First, the nucleus (containing the DNA) is removed and the rest of the cell is thrown out while the nucleus of an egg cell is also removed. Next, the nucleus of the somatic cell is inserted into the egg cells nucleus place. After the insertion, the host cell reprograms the somatic cell nucleus. The egg will begin to divide. Lastly, after many mitotic divisions the single cell can form a blastocyst with closely identical DNA to the original organism (SCNT).

This could be a pro as well as a con of human cloning. “With great power comes great responsibility” (Uncle Ben, “Spiderman”). This could be one of the wisest quotes of all time. The science of human cloning has the potential to be a history changing discovery. But with any powerful subject, the hands that behold the power of change need to be responsible.

A clone could be used as a perfect donor for a sick person. If this ever happened the clone would be subjected to painful procedures and forced to live his/her life completely for the purpose of another. “Allowing cloning would be taking a significant step toward a society in which human beings are grown for spare body parts, and children are engineered to custom specifications; and that’s not acceptable” (Bush).

Cloning kills individuality. What if human cloning was allowed? Would you still feel special and unique? I certainly wouldn’t but many people believe human cloning will not compromise human individuality. Those people would accept them as another part of human society according to the article, “Arguments for and Against Creating Human Clones”. Even if people did

Reproductive cloning is similar to IVF because it also brings embryo into existence. This potential infertility treatment involves the creation of embryo using the genetic material of the parent. This is done by extracting nucleus from the person’s somatic cell and transfer into an oocyte through somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thus, the processed oocyte

Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves complex maneuvering. A cell is first taken from the body of the person or animal to be cloned. It is then inserted into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed, thus creating the equivalent to a zygote, or fertilized egg. After certain chemical adjustments, the cells of the zygote divide and multiply, as if it had been created from an egg and sperm. The zygote becomes a blastocyst, an early-stage, five-day-old embryo consisting of about 150 stem cells. If the blastocyst is placed into a surrogate mother’s uterus, it could possibly develop into a fully grown person, a replica of the original cell’s donor.

The adult somatic cells were removed from the tissue, and was fused with oocytes, type of cell in ovary that undergoes meiosis to form an ovum, from goats. The nucleus was removed from the oocytes to extract all of the goat DNA, so not to tamper with the genetic make-up of the cloned

According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information or the NCBI, “somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in mammals is an assisted reproductive technique used to produce an animal from a single cell nucleus using an enucleated oocyte as a recipient. Somatic cells can be proliferated and gene-modified in vitro”. With new technology, scientists are able to work with somatic cells in test tubes, culture dishes, and elsewhere outside of a living organism to combine the sperm and the egg. In addition to that, they are able to cause these somatic cells to reproduce more rapidly.

One of the methodologies used in the process of genetic cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. This method of genetic cloning involves a body (somatic) and an egg (enucleated oocyte) cell to create an embryo. An example of a successful case of genetic cloning with using this methodology is Dolly the Sheep. There are four main steps that are used in this method.

One very beneficial thing about cloning is that it can be used for organ replacement which would not only minimize the waiting list for organs, but also there is a smaller risk of rejection from your body. Another is that it can be used to save an endangered species from dying out. Also something that would be incredibly useful is genetic research. If scientists were able to clone people easily and effectively, they would no longer need to use humans and they could solve genetic diseases. One thing that can be very risky with cloning is about 95% of animal cloning has ended in failure due to genetic defect. Clones are a lot more likely to get diseases and other various things like that. Also there would be a lack of uniqueness among clones and violate convictions regarding human individuality and freedom. Clones could be seen as less than human compared with non-clones. Other obvious risks are lack of diversity among clones and faster ageing causing them to die faster than a normal living thing would. Cloning is a process that we have to work on and is very tricky to work with but could be very helpful when done

In biology, cloning means making identical duplications of genes, fragments of DNA molecules, or cells. There are three different types of artificial cloning. Gene cloning produces copies of genes or pieces of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments directed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues. All these types of cloning are made for different reasons. To clone a mammal, scientists change the DNA between cells by doing a nuclear transfer. First, an unfertilized egg is taken from the animal and the egg’s nucleus is removed. Then the nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted into the egg. The egg is stimulated and if the procedure is successful, the egg will begin