Smooth Muscle Contraction Case Study

The absorption of drugs differ in the elderly than they do in adults. Absorption primary occurs in the gastrointestinal system. The pH in the gastro intestinal system is higher because of the reduction in acid production in the stomach. Emptying is also decreased; this does not allow the drug to move on further into the system to be absorbed. Blood flow to the gastrointestinal system is reduced by 40-50% because of the decrease in cardiac output and decreased perfusion. The reduction of blood flow causes the villi in the stomach lining to become blunt and flattened. The reduction in blood flow and surface area results in the decreased absorption of drugs. (Lilley, Collins, and Snyder

Table 5. The effects of Atropine measured by the ventricle of the frog’s heart by amplitude, period, and BPMs.

Identify the major surface muscles located in the body. Where are the orgins and insertions of these muscles? List the intended actions as well as an exercise or movement for each. A minimum of fifteen muscles is required.

First, before this assignment I had no idea of the levels involved in a muscle contraction. We can directly control or regulate the activity of our skeletal muscles. Striated muscle movement, produced by the interaction of filaments containing the proteins myosin and actin, is regulated by the proteins tropomyosin and troponin on the actin filaments. When an electrical signal passes down the motor nerve to a muscle it triggers a depolarization of the muscle membrane (sarcolemma). In results, triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into the muscle interior where they bind to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to shift the actin filament to which myosin heads need to bind to produce contraction.

Individual muscles are made up of individual muscle fibers and these fibers can be further organized into a motor unit grouped within each muscle. A motor unit is simply a bundle of grouped muscle fibers. When you want to move the brain instantaneously sends a signal or impulse through the spinal cord that reaches the motor unit. Muscle fibers are cells like the basic building block of the muscle. There are a few different types of muscle fibers, each are designed for a specific type of muscle activity. Some muscle fibers are good for endurance exercises, other work best for the short bursts. Each muscle fiber is a single cell. Each cell consists of a structure.

The new information provided in the research articles clarify the exact mechanisms by which diabetes may influence dilation of smooth muscle, and therefore slightly alter our perception of the problem, however the broad concepts featured in both of our hypotheses were confirmed in the information. Specifically, the articles do confirm our initial understanding of how the drugs (specifically isoproterenol and forskolin) create dilation in both groups, as they activate Beta-receptors which in turn activated Adenylyl cyclase, causing an increase in cAMP concentration which ultimately leads to dilation. However, in the second document provided, they state that the impairment in the dilation process due to high glucose levels in the blood took place downstream of cAMP production, at the K+-channel step, immediately before dilation occurs. In our first hypothesis, we focused on a potential impairment in the steps preceding cAMP production. We hypothesized that glucose was not able to be converted into ATP in the cells since insulin prohibits its uptake into cells, leading to the inability for cAMP production from ATP. While this may not be the case, we were on the right path in indicating that there was in

Question 5: The excess ACh opens the channels up, causing the muscle cell to flood with Na+ by stimulating cholinergenic receptors, thus depolarizing the membrane continuously.

Muscular System The muscular system is made of subsystems that help to maintain balance in the body. The muscular system is made up of organs, tissues, and cells. It uses balance and has specific functions.

Methods: A guinea pig ileum was suspended in an organ bath and superfused with oxygenated, physiological salt solution. The twitch height changes were recorded using LabChart. Cumulative concentration response curves (CRC) were constructed for codeine and morphine using bath concentrations between 10-6 M to 10-4 M and between 10-8 M to 10-5 M, respectively. Naloxone (10-7 M) was added before the experiment and after the first morphine CRC. Tissue desensitisation was performed for morphine (5x10-6 M) while the effects of naloxone (10-7 M) on morphine were observed.

1.) Skeletal muscles are used to maintain body temperature. Each muscle contraction in the body converts some of the energy into heat. The produced heat maintains the right body temperature for normal functions (Martini).

The use of atropine is not only seen in many surgery but are also used for patient whom is on hospice. Although the use of Atropine can result in some positive outcome the drug in itself should only be use by professional healthcare due to its potentional side effect that my result in medical emergency and even death. including relief from Bradycardia (extremely low heart rate), or atrio-ventrical heart block (AV-block), act as an antidote for poisoning by mushroom containing

As the concentration of the drug was increased, clonidine blocked the effects of noradrenaline at prejunctional α₂adrenoceptors in the rate vas deferens. When the α₂ antagonist yohimbine was applied to the rat vas deferens, it binds to the receptors as it high affinity and results in blockage of prejunctional adrenoceptors leading to an increase in release of noradrenaline (NA). Figure 1 shows the yohimbine concentration-response curve of how higher concentrations of agonist are required to displace yohimbine from the receptors. Clonidine alone had an EC₅₀ of 2.02 x10⁻⁸ M, whereas in the presence of the antagonist yohimbine the EC₅₀ is 3.17 x10⁻⁷ M. the greater EC50 value represents a smaller concentration of a clonidine required to induce 50% inhibition of contractile activity. The dose response ratio of clonidine and yohimbine was 15.693. the nerve stimulation of rat vas deferens experiment only used a single agonist concentration therefore the Gaddum-Schild equation was used to calculate the KB value of 6 x 10⁻⁹ M, although it does not reflect the competitive nature of yohimbine it shows that the concentration of yohimbine produced a two-fold shift to the right of the clonidine

Anti-muscarinics and antispasmodics agents fall under the autonomic-anticholinergic classification type of medication. Anticholinergic medications have similar pathologies, though they are used for different medical conditions such as overactive bladder, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and certain psychological issues to name a few. The pathology of these medications is through by binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, blocking of the parasympathetic ability to bind the target receptor. According to Williams & Baer (1998), anticholinergic drugs such as, anti-muscarinics and antispasmodics, interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses by competing with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor sites, this

The rat phrenic nerve preparation is very useful as it teaches us not only a lot about neuro muscular and muscle physiology but also the pharmacodynamics of different drugs such as neuromuscular blocking agents and determining their potency at blocking the neuromuscular junction. This preparation was originally used for the bioassay of tubocurarine (Bülbring et al, 1997). However there are a few limitations to this prep, for example it is hard to differentiate between the different neuromuscular blockers, whether they are depolarizers or non-depolarizers because depolarizers fail to reverse the effects of non-depolarizers. As a result of this, another prep is preferred namely the chick sciatic nerve-tibialis anticus muscle (Vogel, 2013).

The following exercises show examples of moves targeting the chest muscles. The most common chest exercises include chest or bench presses, pushups and flies, and you'll find examples of each below. Click on the pictures and hyperlinks to view detailed instructions or to see a larger picture. To work these exercises into a routine: