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Small et al. (1997) provide a summary of theoretical on the review of congestion measures

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Small et al. (1997) provide a summary of theoretical on the review of congestion measures demonstrated at the outset of this project that a number of different approaches are used to quantify the level of congestion for an urban area. Although there are a number of different congestion measures, travel time measures offer the best means for estimating the economic impacts of the congestion. There are several reasons for this:
1. Travel time corresponds directly to the traveler’s experience of congestion, when measured from a given origin to destination;
2. As indicated below, efforts to estimate the direct user costs of congestion are based on placing a value on travel time, often as a percentage of the wage rate; and
3. Most traffic …show more content…

According to the municipality's website, Windhoek is growing at a rate of approximately 4.3% per year and within 20 years Windhoek will have to cater to the transport needs of 1 million residents. At the moment, there are approximately 330 000 people living in Windhoek and more than half of them work in the city center while some learners travel to school in the city from Katutura and other suburbs every day.
Apart from public transportation, which consists of taxis and municipal buses, the number of private vehicles in the city seem to be increasing daily as more and more people buy cars and traffic congestion gets worse as most of these vehicles use the three main routes into town.
According to IJG Securities' statistics of vehicle sales, 6 373 vehicles have been purchased in Windhoek alone since the beginning of the year, consisting of 3 102 passenger vehicles, 2 841 light commercial vehicles (bakkies) and 430 extra heavy vehicles (buses and trucks).
The Chief Engineer: Road Planning, Design and Traffic Flow at the City of Windhoek, Horst Lisse, said the municipality is very aware of the situation and although it has a plan for the creation of new roads, funding has been a problem for the past five years. As such the municipality decided to go in a different direction and rather put the emphasis on increasing

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