Serotonin Research Paper

The cerebral cortex directs functions like speech, behavior, reactions, movement, thinking, and learning. In fact, some research suggests that bipolar disorder originates with problems with the thalamus, which links sensory input to good and bad feelings. The hippocampus also affects depression. It, like the amygdala, is part of the limbic system. It is vital in processing long-term memory. This section of the brain registers recurring fear. In people with clinical depression, the hippocampus is much smaller. Research suggests, even, that ongoing exposure to stress impairs the growth of nerve cells in this part of the brain. One of the most important jobs of the brain is to process senses, through neurons. Neurotransmitters are specific substances that help relay information to the brain. Scientists have identified many neurotransmitters that affect depression. A lack or excess of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, lithium carbonate and gamma-aminobutyric acid are thought to contribute to depression. Acetylcholine is involved in learning and enhances memory. Serotonin helps regulate sleep, appetite, and mood, and inhibits pain. Research shows the idea that many depressed people have reduced levels of serotonin. Low levels of a byproduct of serotonin have been linked to a high risk for suicide. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter which constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. An excess in

The enteric serotonergic system is medically relevant because a large number of people suffer from gut-related diseases. For example, 10 to 15% of Americans suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) involving impaired gut motility (NDDIC, 2012). While only two thirds of IBS sufferers are believed to ever seek care from a physician for this condition, the annual direct and indirect costs in 2000 are still estimated to be $20 billion dollars. Since IBS is only one

If you have been diagnosed with depression, you most likely will be told it is due to a deficiency of serotonin. Serotonin is regarded by many people as the basic neurotransmitter, or chemical hormone, that regulates mood. It plays the central role in the regulation of human mood and temperament. Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter which works with the excitatory sympathetic systems, like adrenaline and dopamine, in the central nervous system. Most widely researched are the effects on the central nervous system. An oversupply of serotonin can occur, though it is not as common, and it can cause vivid hallucinations, vascular disorders, and psychotic disorders. If you have a sustained decrease in serotonin, the following will occur: increase in anxiety, loss of interest, and lack of concentration. Having a decrease or imbalance in the body sounds somewhat alarming, but there are ways to cope and restore normal balances regarding serotonin.

The brain chemical serotonin is connected to many body functions such as sleep, wakefulness, eating, sexual activity, impulsivity, learning, and memory. Researchers believe that abnormal

The newest medications used to suppress depression are collectively known as selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs work by altering the

Eicosapentaenoyl serotonin is a hybrid molecule patterned after arachidonoyl serotonin. Arachidonoyl serotonin is an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and also acts as an antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 1 (TRPV1) channels. Arachidonoyl serotonin is analgesic, reducing both acute and chronic peripheral pain in rodents [1, 2]. The effects of replacement the arachidonoyl portion with eicosapentaenoic acid have not been investigated. Replacement of arachidonate with saturated 11- or 12-carbon fatty acids generated compounds that potently inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 channel activation with an IC50 of 0.76 μM. This compound showed no effects on wblocking FAAH-mediated hydrolysis of arachidonoyl ethanolamide

Serotonin is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS). Serotonin in the CNS affects learning, appetite, mood, and sleep. In the GI, it is used to control appetite and digestion. A few feelings come as a result of serotonin, such as happiness, relaxation, and security. Low serotonin levels can cause depression, anxiety, and

Other clinical studies have implicated fluoxetine’s effects on serotonin neurotransmitters, based on the fact that serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Patients taking fluoxetine who were in remission from major depression were given a special diet which was tryptophan-free. This rapidly decreased plasma serotonin levels, and after a short period of time (as little as 30 minutes) many of the patients began to have signs of specific depressive symptoms. Later, the reappearance of more general depressive symptoms were observed in a majority of the patients. Thus it was shown that fluoxetine has a profound effect on the neurotransmitter serotonin, and decreased

Serotonin syndrome is a variation of symptoms that occur when certain serotonergic medications are used. Side effects and symptoms usually occur after various hours of medication intake. This frequently occurs after mixing meditation, but some individuals do experience this syndrome from just taking one serotonin inducing drug. This misunderstanding error can cause hazardous signs. Mixing medication can cause a plethora of signs. Things such as high fevers, seizures, unconscious and irregular heartbeat which can all be life threatening. Other possible symptoms include goosebumps, dilated pupils, and loss of muscles.

Tryptophan is one of the amino acids that are essential to human life. The synthesis of several materials in the body are dependant on tryptophan. “Tryptophan is necessary for the production of several crucial substances in the body, including the neurotransmitter serotonin” (Dick, 2002). Serotonin performs a principal part in mood and sleep patterns. Because of the body’s need for tryptophan, many products contain this vital amino acid.

The accumulation of serotonin in the body will make a kind of symptoms of serotonin syndrome.(SS)

Serotonin contributes to multiple key functions in the digestive system, including contraction of the intestines and signaling of gut problems (nausea, digestion issues). That’s not all; the serotonin system in your gut affects more than just digestion. For example, let’s say you eat something disagreeable. When your stomach cells become irritated, they release a large amount of serotonin. The flood of serotonin results in diarrhea, emptying your gut. However, let’s say the food you ate was actually spoiled. In this case, your gut will produce enough serotonin that it will overflow the acceptable level of serotonin (imagine floodwaters lapping over the edge of a dam), leaking into the blood where it stimulates 5HT3 receptors that are responsible

It selectively inhibit synaptic reuptake of serotonin in the presynaptic neuron, which increases the availability of serotonin in the central nervous system in the synaptic gap. SSRI’s are called ‘selective’, because they have relatively little effect on other neurotransmitters. The selectivity of SSRI’s gives them a therapeutic benefit over previous antidepressant medication. They are further the most prescribed category of antidepressants and appear to be effective in treating depressive complaints: about 50% to 55% of depressed people seem to respond positively to the drug. However, the difference with placebo is not that big, especially in people with less severe forms of

three groups.Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medicines block the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) from destroying monoamine neurotransmitters, which allows them to accumulate, alleviating depression. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications block the serotonin reuptake pump, allowing the serotonin neurotransmitter to remain and accumulate in the receptor for longer. Speaking of serotonin specifically, depression has been related to a deficiency of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) neurotransmitter as evidenced by the concentrations of the

Antidepressants influence neurotransmitter systems, including norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. We know that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants are classes of antidepressants (Brandon & McKay, 2015). Fluoxetine (FLX) is a well-known and extensively studied SSRI antidepressant. Thus, FLX’s actions include increasing the amount and duration of serotonin availability in the brain by preventing its reuptake (Brandon & McKay, 2015). Few studies have suggested that FLX could work to stabilize weight recovery in AN patients. Klenotich et al. (2012) evaluated the efficacy of FLX in survival, weight gain and food intake in comparison with OLZ and controls in ABA mouse models. ‘Survival’ was a measure of the number of days passed before a mouse lost 25% of its initial body weight. 20 ABA mice were treated with vehicle (VEH—control procedure), 20 were treated with FLX (18 mg/kg/day) and 20 were treated with OLZ (12 mg/kg/day). Results show that between the FLX and OLZ treatments, no effects were found on body weight, but both led to an increase in food intake. Furthermore, FLX had no effect on survival while OLZ increased survival, by prolonging the number of days before the mice lost 25% of their initial weight (see Figure 7). Henceforth, it is demonstrated that FLX doesn’t increase body weight or prolong survival in ABA models.