Reflection 29: Testing for Significant Difference Between Principal Preparation Programs Methods A t-test is used to evaluate statistically significant differences between two samples (Creighton, 2007). For this assignment, I tested the null hypothesis stating there is no significant difference between Principal Corps (PC) School Leaders Licensure Assessment (SLLA) scores and the SLLA scores of those enrolled in the Educational Leadership Principal Cohort program. To conduct my t-tests, I first downloaded the SLLA data for PC and Cohort participants from Blackboard and transferred it to a Google Sheet. I then used the XLMiner Analysis ToolPak to run two separate two-sample t-tests assuming unequal variances. The first test examined significant …show more content…
The two-tail significance value was p = 0.02. The mean PC SLLA score was 178.4, and the mean Cohort SLLA score was 174.37. The summary report for the CKS standard of the SLLA exam showed a t-Stat value of 1.59 and a two-tail t-critical value of 2.01 . The two-tail significance value was p = 0.12. The mean PC percentage was 82%, and the mean Cohort percentage was 77.9%. The results provide conflicting information in regards to the differences between the two principal preparation programs. The SLLA Total Score t-Stat value (2.49) exceeded the t-critical value (2.02), suggesting the null hypothesis should be rejected; nevertheless, the data from the CKS standard suggests just the opposite. In this case, the t-Stat value (1.59) failed to exceed the t-critical value (2.01), meaning the null hypothesis should be accepted. These discrepancies in the data, however, do not indicate a failed test, but rather demonstrate the extent of the differences between the program. While we can conclude PC participants score significantly higher than Cohort participants on the SLLA, we cannot conclude this trend is overwhelming or permanent, as it does not apply to certain sub-sections of the
These tests will provide teachers and administrators a diagnosis of how the school is performing and in which areas the school needs to improve on. This will also inform policymakers which schools are doing well and why. Then that technique can be applied to schools in which the scores were not meeting standards. President Bush and the U.S. Congress have challenged educators to set high standards and hold students, schools and districts accountable for results. (Dept. of Ed, 2004)
TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: F Section 351 does not permit the recognition of realized losses. PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p. 18-3 OBJ: LO: 18-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: AICPA: FN-Reporting KEY: Bloom 's: Application MSC: Time: 2 min. 2. ANS: F To determine E & P, it is necessary to add all previously excluded income items back to taxable income. PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p. 19-3 | Concept Summary 19.1 OBJ: LO: 19-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: AICPA: FN-Measurement KEY: Bloom 's: Comprehension MSC: Time: 2 min. 3. ANS: F Distributions cannot create or add to a deficit in E & P. Deficits in E & P can only arise through losses. PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p. 19-14 OBJ: LO: 19-5 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: AICPA: FN-Measurement KEY: Bloom 's: Knowledge MSC: Time: 2 min. MULTIPLE CHOICE 4. ANS: B As § 351 applies, Mitchell cannot recognize the realized loss of $15,000
___IV. Practical Aspects - This book tells who the test is intended for and its standardized representative sample
Mean performance for all participants was measured for each phase to determine overall improvement. The procedure for calculating the percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND) was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. AIMSWeb computation CBM was also used for benchmark scores. AIMSWeb computation CBM probes were also measured monthly from September to December to determine follow-up performance. The scores were categorized as being very low performance (below 10th percentile), low performance (between 11th and 25th percentile), and average performance (between 26th and 75th
This is important because if the standardisation sample and Ruby’s demographic did not match, there could be chance of test bias (Sim and Wright, 2000). The reliability and validity measures obtained for the standardization sample do not indicate adequate reliability and validity for the target population (Papathanasiou, Coppens and Potagas, 2013)
2. Which t ratio in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the pretest and 3 months outcomes? Is this t ratio statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.
| Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re-test reliability and validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are
These scoring systems have the advantage to take into account different aspects of the disease at the same time increasing the amount of information on the status of the single patient. However, to date none of the proposed systems can be considered extent of limitations. In fact, some of the published studies are limited by their retrospective nature or by the relative small numbers of analyzed prospective cohorts. Availability of prospective data from the large database of recent clinical trials has partially overcame these limitations. However, this studies have generally enrolled mild or moderate patients that might not represents the "real life" clinical setting missing advanced and rapidly progressing disease forms and therefore might underestimate the real disease burden of
T-Test Q's 1) The groups in this study are independent. Despite the fact that they were not randomly assigned to groups but were assigned based on physical sex/gender is immaterial; inclusion or exclusion in one group did not influence inclusion or exclusion in the other group in any way. As there was no matching/pairing and no influence on the inclusion/exclusion or group assignment of any participant based on the status of another participant, the groups are independent. 2) -3.15 is the t-statistic for the Mental Health (MH) questionnaire completed by the participants. This corresponds with a p-value of 0.002.
To assess the extent to which key two-group differences for single variables persisted in multivariate analyses, researchers used multiple-T2 tests (from discriminant-function analysis). Variables that yielded the most significant univariate results were always among the most significant factors in multivariate analyses. Research verified their contribution to the patterns of results while also taking into consideration their interrelations with other attributes of the patients. (Shaughnessy,
Proposition Motion: This house believes that humans and all other organisms did not evolve from one organism but rather God made each and everything the way it is from the beginning. Species can vary slightly in appearance like a poodle came from a wolf, but they can't change species like a wolf came from a fish. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Opening Statement: How did all the events that lead to this moment happen so precisely?
The MMPI-2-RF normal sample is the same used to standardize the MMPI-2 minus the emphasis on gender; no new norms were collected for the MMPI-2-RF. The nongendered MMPI-2-RF normative sample is made up of 1,138 men and 1,138 women from the normative sample of the MMPI-2. Analysis of T scores based on gendered versus nongendered norms showed no advantages or disadvantages for either gender. The mean T scores for both men and women were at or about 50, with standard deviation of 10; therefore, there was no significant clinical difference between genders. The normative sample was composed of individuals ranging from age 18 to 80 all from different regions and communities in the United States. The representation of
All data retrieved from the screening database were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 23 (SPSS IBM Inc, Chicago USA). Significance was taken as P<0.05 unless otherwise stated.
An independent samples t-test (APP. 3) was used to compare males (n=35) and females (n=119) scores on the ATSPHS. Levene’s test was violated, thus equal variants were not assumed. The t-test was not statistically significant, with the male group (M=18.26, SD= 4.097) reporting accuracy scores 1.16 lower, 95% CI[-.396, 2.705 ], than the female group (M=19.41, SD=3.738), t(152)= 1.494, p= .141, two tailed, d= 0.29.
We made it! This is our last session and as per your request we will go over the t-test for the last time. T-test can be used to analyze two data sets that are independent or dependent of each other. There are 3 types of t-test: