Sample Lit Review on Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, has become a major risk factor for several types of heart disease across the globe. In the United States alone, nearly 70 million adults have been diagnosed with this condition [1]. Hypertension is a condition in which arterial walls experience extreme force from blood flowing through; long-term force against artery walls will lead to more serious health problems such as stroke, renal failure, and other cardiovascular diseases [2]. If the proper steps to treat hypertension are not taken, patients have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that causes arteries to harden significantly. Smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake are factors that may cause an individual to be diagnosed with hypertension [3] Detection of hypertension is crucial in order to reduce the incidence of death by cardiovascular disease [1].

The two priority problems for Mr. George are Hypertension and Diabetes (hyperglycemia). It has been demonstrated that arterial hypertension is major important determinant of heart diseases. The pathogenesis of hypertension is linked with multiple factors that include dietary, genetic, and patterns of lifestyle. The biological factors that determine hypertension include: atherosclerosis, resistance to insulin; hyper-responsiveness towards adrenalin based stimuli and dysfunction of endothelial cells. It was studied that the evidence suggests that decrease in the ratio of prevalence of high blood pressure gives rise to reduced ratio of cardiovascular related mortalities. It can be achieved through intervention with suitable medical therapy (Villalpando et al., 2010).

The process of manual blood pressure and the meaning of the measurements taken, are critical in understanding how this process may differ in individuals found in different stages of their lives. Introduction Attention Grabber: “We are in danger of losing our clinical heritage and pinning too much faith in figures thrown up by machines.” - Paul Wood Reveal and Relate: I would like us all to take a second and think of this quote and the statement it is making.

Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. To compare the frequency of hypertension in the white and non-white population surveyed, the most appropriate measure is the

This data shows the ages and systolic blood pressures (measured in millimeters of mercury) of 9 randomly selected adults, (38, 116), (41, 120), (45, 123), (48, 135), (51, 142), (53, 145), (57, 148), (61, 150), (65, 152).

The article titled “Hypertension” written by Neil R Poulter , Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Mark Caulfield. It published on journal “The lancet” volume 386. This article is reliable because it was published in august 22 in 2015, which means there has very useful information. Also, The website is always available and organized well which is makes the article reliable, and using formal English. The authors are credible. The site provided contact information such as e-mail.

The following section is broken into six subsections that will assess how each topic relates to JNC 6, 7, and 8. The subsections are organized into the following: algorithms, classification of hypertension, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatment, and management of care. It is important to note that JNC 6 and 7 have a greater correlation in format and the types of recommendations presented to clinicians. Contrastingly JNC 8 varies in format, as well as the type of recommendations presented to clinicians, therefore each of the subsections may not contain information on JNC 8.

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

However, the current studies indicated critical findings about the damage that the systolic blood stress causes in the body. And as a result the pondering has changed and now it is believed that systolic blood stress would possibly even be a better menace in older patients than an elevation of the diastolic

Modern medical advancements have significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious disease as well as the treatment of acute, traumatic conditions. Pharmacological research has also gained insight into the management of chronic disease. Still, there is an epidemic of chronic, treatable diseases like stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease. Hypertension proves to be the underlying factor associated with these diseases. Hypertension is often referred to as the silent killer because of its indication in deadly disease, and the importance of monitoring ones blood pressure is vital. Lifestyle, diet, and genetic predisposition are all factors of high blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure above safe levels, known as hypertension, puts elevated physical stress on the renal and cardiovascular systems. By controlling this factor in patients, healthcare providers can decrease cardiovascular events, improve health outcomes, and decrease overall mortality. Patient education is often overlooked in its role in the control and prevention of high blood pressure. This paper analyzes the causes and physiology behind high blood pressure as they relate to the current nursing interventions. The role of nurses is discussed in relation to patient education regarding high blood pressure, and educational approaches are analyzed.

Primary hypertension can be linked to several risk factors, some in which are evident in K.H.’s history and

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA, 2013). High blood pressure is also referred to as hypertension. Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that carries with it the risk factor for increased chances of heart disease and stroke (Gillespie & Hurvitz, 2013). Hypertension remains one of the top 10 causes of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (as cited in Drenjančević-Perić et al., 2011). For the estimated 348, 102 deaths in 2009, high blood pressure was listed as the primary or contributing cause of death (AHA, 2013). Despite the health risk associated with hypertension, the diagnoses of high blood pressure continue to rise. By 2030, hypertension is expected to increase by 7.2% from 2013 estimates (AHA, 2013).

The findings are published in the journal Diabetologia. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1 in 3 adults in the US have high blood pressure - around 70 million adults, or 29% of the population. However, only 52% of people with high blood pressure, often referred to as hypertension, have control of their condition. When uncontrolled, high blood pressure can lead to metabolic syndrome, a collection of disorders that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. 1.3 Application of concept in current job

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension