S. M.'s Perceived Self-Efficacy

The process of change describes how people change. These processes of change are divided into two categories; cognitive and behavioral. Cognitive is the thinking process of change and behavioral is the action process of change. The transtheoretical model suggests that people use different strategies, techniques or different amounts of each at different stages in their change process. Self-efficacy refers to confidence and an individual’s experience with confidence to perform specific behaviors in specific situations. Self-efficacy is a good predictor of behavior change. An individual with higher self-efficacy may be more likely to change a behavior even if the situation doesn’t have any positive reinforcements (Campbell, Eichhorn, Early, Caraccioli, Greely, 2012).

The aim of the assignment is to outline at least 2 Theoretical Models that underpin health promotion. The theories chosen in this evaluation are the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory. In order to outline theories which underpin health promotion it is important to first understand what health promotion is. Heath promotion is the process of enabling control over health and its detriments, improving health in the long run.

The majority of people will decide to change their health behavior throughout their lifetime. The reasons for the change might be quite different from individual to individual. Some may be motivated to take action after experiencing a life threatening illness, while others are proactive and change their health behavior to decrease the risks of developing a potential disease. However, even if the reasons for the change are valid and well understood, there is a great possibility that one will not follow set goals long term. Stacy Carter, an assistant of professor and an author of the Social Validity Manual, expresses her opinion about people implementing a scientifically proven health behavior change treatment in their routine, “if it's something that is going to cause them a lot of effort, or is difficult to implement, then they probably are not going to use it for long” (Cranford, 2011). Use number superscript 1

Albert Bandura introduced the Self-Efficacy Theory in the late 1970s. Self-Efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to perform actions to complete a task or goal attainment. It has been applied to many areas such as smoking cessation, eating, and pain control. It can also be applied to childhood asthma to share insight on the child’s belief. Believing in oneself and the ability to manage their own care is a very important aspect of self-care.

An article by Pender (2011) goes into great detail on the Health Promotion Model which helped me to better understand the model. The HPM Manual actually provides a worksheet titled Health Promotion Model Clinical Assessment for Health Promotion Plan to assist the individual with changing behaviors such as increasing physical activity and improving nutrition (Pender, 2011). I completed this worksheet and I plan to hang this worksheet on my refrigerator (where I see it on a daily basis) and use this worksheet to motivate me and remind me on a daily basis of the positive effects of increasing physical activity and living a healthy lifestyle. After completing this worksheet, I realized the mistakes I have made in the past when attempting to increase my physical activity. Also, I recognized habits that I have developed as well

The concept of interest is self-efficacy. This began in 1977 with Bandura’s social learning theory that was renamed social cognitive theory in 1986, of which self-efficacy was one of the major concepts of his theory. Self-efficacy makes a difference in how people will feel, think, behave, and motivate themselves. A low sense of self-efficacy can be associated with stress, anxiety, depression, and feelings of helplessness. Such individuals also have low self-esteem and become pessimistic about their accomplishments and personal development. In thinking terms, a strong sense of efficacy facilitates cognitive processes and performance in a variety of settings, including the quality of decision-making and academic achievement. When it comes to behavior, self-efficacy can be said to influence people’s choice of activities as self-efficacy levels can foster or decrease a person’s motivation. People with high self-efficacy approach difficult tasks as challenges and do not try to avoid them. People’s self-efficacy beliefs determine their level of motivation, as reflected in how much effort they will

For the precaution adoption process, a real world application is eating healthy and exercising to control weight. While an individual may be well aware that he/she has an unhealthy diet, they may lack the motivation to make the necessary changes. Motivation is vital if the precaution adoption model is to be successful. A cross-sectional survey among 979 non-obese adults, aged 25-35 years, was conducted. Perceived behavioral control was lowest among people who had decided to prevent weight gain, only 85% surveyed intended to prevent weight gain (Wammes, Kremers, Breedveld, & Brug, 2013). Acknowledging there is a risk, or potential for risk is great but without motivation the problem/risk will persist and likely get out of hand. The similarities found in all the models is that they are all centered around individuals and their choices and decisions on whether or not to make the best of their choices.

• Context: the cultural, social, physical, emotional and psychological environments that shape people and the factors that can facilitate change. No one theory can sum up all the factors in health behaviour, but theories can be used to focus on particular aspects of behaviour and to choose the most appropriate programmes for cancer control.

Virtually all people can identify goals they want to accomplish, things they would like to change, and things they would like to achieve. However, most people also realize that putting these plans into action is not quite so simple. Bandura and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a major role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.

It is important for health care leaders to develop independent criteria for measuring efficiency, effectiveness, performance, efficacy, and quality within their health organization. Although some may try to measure these with similar criteria, the most emotionally intelligent leaders should understand that these terms are not interchangeable and must be addressed in some aspect to be a good leader. Self-efficacy is the individual’s capability of producing a desired effect and can be utilized when evaluating the other concepts of leadership (Ledlow, 2018). Health efficacy is the ability for the provider or health organization to identity and improve the health outcome for a patient (Ledlow, 2018). Efficiency and effectiveness are sometimes

The majority of people will decide to change their health behavior at least once throughout their lifetime. The reasons for the change might be quite different from individual to individual. Some may be motivated to take action after experiencing a life threatening illness, while others are proactive and change their health behavior to decrease the risks of developing a potential disease. However, even if the reasons for the change are valid and well understood, there is a great possibility that one will not follow set goals long term. If the implementation of the scientifically proven health behavior change treatments in people’s routine is something that is going to cause them a lot of effort, or is difficult to implement, then they probably

Health promotion is now increasingly as a critical role of public health and is the process of improving the wellbeing of general population via facilitating people to increase control over their health. It also attempts to use a wide range of interventions for changing the health behavior of individuals as well as the environment that influence their health (World Health Organization, 2005).

Self-efficacy can be described as the level self-confidence that a person has when they try to do something. It is important in making a behavioral change because people need to envision themselves succeeding.

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to organize and execute the actions necessary to manage a situation ("What Is Self-Efficacy?", n.d.). Self-efficacy allows divergent thinking because cognitive limits are not set in place.

Efficacy is the behavior or being effective, efficacious and in control. The self can be defined as ones identity. This means that self-efficacy can be defined as the ability to effectively control their own outcomes by changing their actions. It is the self-regulation of behavior by intelligent, affective and motivational processes. Self-efficacy is made up by self-concept, control, and cognitive processes. Ones self-concept is their thoughts and feelings about who and what they are; it is influenced by social interactions and experiences. It has to do with an innate set of morals, values and attitudes that is developed through ones interaction with their environment. Self-regulation allows one to behave in a way to maintain a positive self-concept in a dynamic and interactive world. Self-image, self-esteem and self-concept all interact to influence a persons