S. Columoniae Lab Report

The following tests according to the lab manual were performed: gram stain, fermentation tubes, methyl red, vogues proskauer, sulfur, indole, motility and growing it up on MacConkey agar. The gram stain was performed incorrectly the first time. This is because the decolorizer was not on the bacterium slide for long enough, giving a false outcome.

I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

In this lab, the organism that we have been working with is the bacterium, Serratia marcescens. S. marcescens is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and tends to grow in damp environments. S. marcescens is an ideal bacterium to work with in the lab because it reproduces quicker than other bacterium. This bacterium produces a special pigment called prodigiosin, which is red in color. The prodigiosin pigment is intensified when S. marcescens is grown at higher densities. During our experiment, temperature, pH, salinity concentration and oxygen requirements were tested on S. marcescens to measure their optimal growth and prodigiosin production.

pneumoniae were EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Methyl Red, vogues Proskauer and phenylalanine. The start of the Biochemical test consisted of inoculation on regular nutrient agar and incubating for 48 hours. After incubation, gram staining was done to identify the bacterium as either gram positive or negative along with the shape of the bacterium using a microscope. The bacterium was then inoculated on EMB based on the identification of it being gram negative. After the inoculation on EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Phenylalanine, and MR-VP were inoculated and incubated for 5 days. The results of each biochemical were observed and

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram negative bacterium so gram staining of the sputum would be a good place to eliminate all the gram positive bacterium.

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is and has been a major health problem here in the U.S. This disease mostly affects young children and the elderly 65. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacteria causing pneumonia, this bacterium has over 90 different stereotypes and is extremely hard to pin point the different mutating strains. Pneumonia is contracted from inhalation of droplets; any one coughing or sneezing around your area and carrying the virus can pass it along to you fairly easy. Pneumonia is an upper respiratory infection that causes the lungs to be inflamed and fill the alveoli (air sacs) with fluids causing lack of oxygen to the red blood cells. The most common test for S. pneumoniae is the optichin sensitivity with an optichin

Streptococcus pneumoniae is found worldwide. The common host is the human body, in which it often does not cause disease but at other times it can cause diseses in particular, pneumonia. It also causes otitis media, bacteremia, meningitis, peritonitis, and sinusitis. The route by which this organism is spread is from human to human in the form of aerosol droplets. When inside the host the organism’s primary site of pneumococcal colonization is the nasopharynx. From this site it can aspire to the lungs, eventually spread to the blood and traverse the blood-brain barrier to the meninges, once inside the blood it can cause infections throughout the body. Symptoms of the disease include sudden

Streptococcus pneumonia is a pathogen with a niche in the upper respiratory tract of the human that has a two component signaling system. The two component signaling system has CPS accumulate extracellular to the cell, CPS eventually binding to the comD receptor, which stimulates auto-phosphorylation of comE, the response regulator(1). This is a strictly fermenting microbe that tolerates oxygen’s presence, also known as an aerotolerant pathogen (3). This microbe ferments glucose, a sugar, into lactic acid, in the lactic acid fermentation cycle. It also can ferment other sugars like sucrose or fructose. 20% of the strains that are clinical samples only grow anaerobically (3). When placed in the proper multifaceted medium S. pneumonia can replicate in 20-30 minutes. Since there are some many strain of streptococcus with different sugar branches it makes the microbe hard to be overcome by antibiotics (3).

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) also known as pneumococcus is an important commensal bacterium of global significance that represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The bacteria initially establish an asymptomatic infection in the nasopharynx of infected persons, a fundamental precursor for development of pneumococcal disease [1] and horizontal dissemination of the pathogen to other individuals within the community (2]. Transmigration of the bacteria across the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx results in spread of the bacteria and establishment of diseases. Infections caused by S. pneumoniae ranges from superficial and non-invasive infections of mucosal tissues of the upper respiratory tract (sinusitis and acute otitis media) to severe and life threatening, invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) such as sepsis, meningitis and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Bacteremia is the most common form of IPD and therefore bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is responsible for the majority of deaths due to pneumococcal infection [3, 4]. On a global scale pneumococcal infections are responsible for the death of 1.6 million people annually [4]. Young children, particularly in low-income countries, the elderly, the economically deprived as well as those with HIV/AIDS bear a disproportionate share of the disease burden. Children under the age of 5 years account for the majority of deaths with an estimate of 0.7 to 1 million deaths each

other pathogens such as viruses and other gram positive bacteria is necessary.The diagnosis can be based on direct detection and serology.The diagnosis is regarded as efficient if the detection of the organism is at the early stage of the disease.Culture,although being the reference method for M.Pneumoniae is time consuming(around 21days) and also insensitive.Till date serology remained the most sensitive method of detection of M.Pneumoniae by CFT although reperesent the classic antibody detection it cannot differentiate between the antibody isotopes.Agglutination test also cannot discriminate between antibody classes either.Both agglutination and CFT both are negative in reinfection as it detects IgM only.Currently ELISA technique is the

Streptococcus Pneumoniae, more often called S. Pneumoniae or Pneumococcus, is a significant human pathogenic bacterium. A normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, approximately 1 in 4 people carries the bacteria asymptomatically. Education on what illnesses the bacteria can cause, the signs and symptoms of the bacteria, who is the most at risk for infection along with how it is transmitted, and possible treatments are crucial to understanding the bacteria and helping to stop the spread.

Streptococcus pneumoniae was discovered by Louis Pasteur in pneumonia patients in 1881. It is a gram positive coccus that forms short chains or more commonly, pairs and classified in its own genus, called “Diplococcus”. Streptococcus pneumonie is a pneumococcal pneumonia consists about 85 % of all cases of pneumonia. Around ninety two different strains of S. Pneumoniae, collectively called pneumococci, are known to cause harm on humans. Streptococcus pneumonia is a member of pharyngeal microbiota that can colonize the lungs, sinuses, and middle ear. They are round shaped, unpigmented grown for 24 hours. The Individual cells of streptococcus are between 0.5 and 1.25 mm in diameter. They are a fastidious bacterium.

Pneumococcus is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in adults in much of the world. There are more than 90 antigenically different serotypes of S pneumoniae as determined by the polysaccharide capsule; the target for all currently licensed vaccines (Mcgill et al. 2016).

Causes: Bacteria is the most common cause in Pneumonia streptococcus in the USA .bacteria like organism virus, cause colds, flu, and fungi. Also referred to as alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.